Archie to SAM: A Short Operational History of Ground-Based Air ...

BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE
15. “ABM Project History,” I-15; and NORAD, “Quest for Nike Zeus,” 1.
16. “ABM Project History,” I-24, I-26; History of the 1st Strategic Aerospace
Division: The Nike–Zeus Program, August 1959–April 1963, 17–18,
29, HRA; and Walker, Martin, and Watkins, Strategic Defense, 19.
17. “ABM Project History,” I-22, I-23.
18. Walker, Martin, and Watkins, Strategic Defense, 19.
19. SMDC, “Discussion of Nike-Zeus Decisions,” 10; and NORAD, “Quest
for Nike Zeus,” 16–17.
20. SMDC, “Discussion of Nike-Zeus Decisions,” 8–9.
21. SMDC, “ABM Project History,” 2–9, X-1, I-36, I-37; and Walker, Martin,
and Watkins, Strategic Defense, 23.
22. Army Ordnance Missile Command, reference book, IV-14; “ABM
Project History,” I-37, 2–9, 9-1, IX-4, IX-21, IX-23; and Briggs, The Shield
of Faith, 246–47.
23. “ABM Project History,” I-37, I-44, II-1; Baucom, The Origins of SDI,
19; and Walker, Martin, and Watkins, Strategic Defense, 23, 26.
24. Other methods to enhance survivability of offensive forces were to
launch on warning, disperse, proliferate, and increase the number of weapons
on alert.
25. Steven Zaloga, Soviet Air Defence Missiles: Design, Development and
Tactics (Coulsdon, Surrey, U.K.: Jane’s, 1989), 121–22.
26. Galosh was a three-stage liquid-fuel rocket that carried a nuclear
warhead of 2–3 megaton yield out to a maximum range of 300 km and to a
maximum altitude of 300 km. See David Yost, Soviet Ballistic Missiles and
the Western Alliance (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University, 1988), 28; and
Zaloga, Soviet Air Defence Missiles, 128, 133, 135, 137.
27. According to a highly placed official and creditable academic, the majority
of the intelligence community believed Tallinn was an air defense system.
See Morton Halperin, The Decision to Deploy the ABM: Bureaucratic and
Domestic Politics in the Johnson Administration (Washington, D.C.: Brookings
Institution, 1973), 82; “ABM Project History,” I-41, I-43, I-44, 2–4;
Briggs, The Shield of Faith, 277; David Grogan, “Power Play: Theater Ballistic
Missile Defense, National Ballistic Missile Defense and the ABM Treaty”
(Master of Laws, George Washington University Law School, May 1998), 9;
Jayne, “The ABM Debate,” 307, 318; Benjamin Lambeth, “Soviet Perspectives
on the SDI,” in Samuel Wells and Robert Litwak, eds., Strategic Defenses
and Soviet-American Relations (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1987), 50; Kerry
Stryker, “A Bureaucratic Politics Examination of US Strategic Policy Making:
A Case Study of the ABM” (MA thesis, San Diego State University, 1979), 107,
156; Walker, Martin, and Watkins, Strategic Defense, 29–30; and Zaloga, Soviet
Air Defence Missiles, 15, 100, 102.
28. Douglas Johnston, “Ballistic Missile Defense: Panacea or Pandora?”
(PhD diss., Harvard, 1982), 195; and Yost, Soviet Ballistic Missiles, 26.
29. Interview with Lt Gen Austin Betts, 12 March 1971, 8, HRA; Briggs,
The Shield of Faith, 259; Donald Bussey, “Deployment of Antiballistic Missile
(ABM): The Pros and Cons,” Library of Congress Legislative Reference Service,
210