Archie to SAM: A Short Operational History of Ground-Based Air ...

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ANTIAIRCRAFT DEFENSE THROUGH WORLD WAR II Figure 15: German 40 mm Bofors. The Germans used a wide variety of light flak guns including this truck-mounted 40 mm Bofors. (Adapted from Air Force Historical Research Agency.) Germany’s best-known artillery piece was its 88 mm gun. Although a gun of that caliber was used in World War I, Krupp designers at Bofors in Sweden worked out the details of a new 88 mm gun in the interwar years and returned to Germany with the new model in 1931 (fig. 16). The resulting 8.8-centimeter (cm) Flak 18/36/37 made up about 60 percent of Germany’s heavy flak guns during World War II. The gun fired a 20.3-pound shell at a muzzle velocity of 2,600 fps to an effective ceiling of 26,000 feet. This compares to the standard British heavy antiaircraft gun, the 3.7-inch Mark 3 that fired a 28-pound projectile at a muzzle velocity of 2,600 fps to an effective ceiling of 32,000 feet, and the American 90 mm Mark 1 that hurled a 23-pound shell at 2,700 fps to an effective ceiling of 32,000 feet. These two Allied guns weighed more than the German gun and had a higher rate of fire, 20 spm compared with the German 15-spm gun. 52 The fame of the 8.8 stems mainly from its versatility as a triple-purpose weapon (antiaircraft, antitank, and standard artillery piece) and its ubiquity. 26
ANTIAIRCRAFT DEFENSE THROUGH WORLD WAR II Figure 16. German 88 mm gun. Probably the best-known artillery piece of World War II was this German 88 mm gun. It was the most versatile heavy artillery weapon used in the war, serving very well as a conventional artillery piece, as well as against tanks and aircraft. (Reprinted from Imperial War Museum.) The Germans began to work on a more advanced model, the 8.8-cm Flak 41 in 1939 but did not get this gun into service until 1943. Although it suffered early mechanical problems, this flak gun had greater performance. It fired a 20.7-pound shell at a muzzle velocity of 3,280 fps to an effective ceiling of 37,000 feet. It also featured a lower silhouette on its turntable mounting than did the 8.8-cm Flak 18/36/37 on its pedestal mounting. Because of the high cost and complexity of this flak gun, the Germans manufactured relatively few of them (556 in all) and, in February 1944, fielded only 279. 53 The Germans supplemented the 88s with two larger guns. In 1933, the Germans established the specifications for a 105 mm antiaircraft gun and three years later selected Rheinmetall’s 27
Page 2 and 3: Report Documentation Page Form Appr
Page 4 and 5: Air University Library Cataloging D
Page 6 and 7: Contents Chapter Page DISCLAIMER .
Page 8 and 9: CONTENTS Chapter Page 7 BALLISTIC M
Page 10 and 11: CONTENTS Figure Page 30 George Pred
Page 12 and 13: CONTENTS Figure Page 70 Blowpipe .
Page 14 and 15: Foreword Dr. Kenneth Werrell’s hi
Page 16 and 17: About the Author Dr. Kenneth P. Wer
Page 18 and 19: PREFACE excluded from the original
Page 20 and 21: PREFACE always been a factor in air
Page 22 and 23: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Artillery Institute
Page 24 and 25: ANTIAIRCRAFT DEFENSE THROUGH WORLD
Page 34 and 35: Figure 7. British 40 mm light antia
Page 92 and 93: FROM GUNS TO MISSILES American air
Page 94 and 95: FROM GUNS TO MISSILES company deliv
Page 96 and 97: FROM GUNS TO MISSILES (discussed la
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES flak rockets
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES 1953, the rat
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES to 1,285 in J
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES Figure 40. Ar
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES cember 1958,
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Figure 42. Nike Hercules. The Nike
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES Airmen test-f
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES Bomarc failed
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES Despite knowl
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES Figure 47. Ha
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES Army decided
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES The third fam
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES with both les
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES that fired ov
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES Figure 53. Br
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES The two-decad
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES A. H. Peterso
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES “SAMs Spur
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Chapter 3 Airmen versus Guerrillas:
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS the next y
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS war with t
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS Figure 56.
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS firings fr
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS and Navy c
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS American A
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS but modifi
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS In all, du
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS least an e
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS War Vietna
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS D.C.: Depa
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS 97, 121; a
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Chapter 4 Operations between Vietna
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OPERATIONS BETWEEN VIETNAM AND THE
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Chapter 5 Ballistic Missile Defense
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE Army cons
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE Figure 80
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Figure 81. Spartan launch. The Spar
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE a limited
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE these wer
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE ment to c
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE developin
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE Radar Int
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE when the
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE casualtie
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE fluential
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE missiles
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE psycholog
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE 6. Army O
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE April 196
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE 54. Reiss
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE 74. GWAPS
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Chapter 6 Ground-Based Air Defense
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GROUND-BASED AIR DEFENSE SINCE 1990
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Chapter 7 Ballistic Missile Defense
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE IN THE 19
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Figure 96. Arrow launch.The Arrow i
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Chapter 8 Summary, Trends, and Conc
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SUMMARY, TRENDS, AND CONCLUSIONS ev
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SUMMARY, TRENDS, AND CONCLUSIONS te
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SUMMARY, TRENDS, AND CONCLUSIONS EC
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Index A-1, 128, 227-28, 232 A-4, 12
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INDEX Convair, 98 Crotale, 158 D-da
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INDEX Gulf of Tonkin incident, 115
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INDEX Remagen, 24, 57, 270 RF-4C, 1
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INDEX SAM, 34, 74, 81-82, 84, 87, 9
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Archie to SAM A Short Operational H
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