Archie to SAM: A Short Operational History of Ground-Based Air ...

ANTIAIRCRAFT DEFENSE THROUGH WORLD WAR II
90. Stephen McFarland and Wesley Newton, To Command the Sky: The
Battle for Air Superiority over Germany, 1942–1944 (Washington, D.C.:
Smithsonian Institution, 1991), 81n, 261; US Fleet, “Antiaircraft Action
Summary–October 1944,” Information Bulletin no. 27, 9-2, HRA.
91. Shrader, “Amicicide,” 70–71.
92. Buford Rowland and William Boyd, US Navy Bureau of Ordnance in
World War II (Washington, D.C.: GPO, n.d.), 219–20, 231, 235, 238, 245–47,
258, 266; and Robert Sherrod, History of Marine Corps Aviation in World War
II (Washington, D.C.: Combat Forces, 1952), 401.
93. Rowland and Boyd, US Navy Bureau, 221–34, 266; Chamberlain and
Gander, Antiaircraft Guns, 40; US Fleet, Information Bulletin no. 27, 1–5;
Hogg, Anti-Aircraft, 80; and Routledge, Royal Regiment, R52–53.
94. Rowland and Boyd, US Navy Bureau, 220, 266, 283, 286; US Fleet,
Information Bulletin no. 27, 1–5.
95. US Army Air Defense School, “Air Defense,” 2:192.
96. Ibid., 197–98; Chamberlain and Gander, Antiaircraft Guns, 34; Report of
General Headquarters, United States Army Forces Pacific, Antiaircraft Research
Board, “Survey of Japanese Antiaircraft Artillery,” 3–5, 59, 65–66, 72,
USACGSC; and United States Pacific Fleet and Pacific Ocean Areas Flak Intelligence
Memorandum no. 4, “Japanese Antiaircraft Materiel,” 11 April
1945, Naval Historical Center (NHC), Washington, D.C.
97. AAF Statistical Digest, 221–27, 255–61; A. H. Peterson, R. G. Tuck,
and D. P. Wilkinson, “Aircraft Vulnerability in World War II” (working
paper, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif., rev. 12 July 1950), table
8, AUL; Office of Information, Document, 3 May 1967, in “Korean Combat
Statistics for Three-Year Period,” 19 June 1953, NHC; and Kuehl, “The
Radar Eye Blinded,” 31.
98. US Army Air Defense School, “Air Defense,” 2:293; AAA Research
Board, “Survey of Japanese AAA,” 192, HRA; and Chief of Naval Operations,
Air Intelligence Group, Flak Information Bulletin no. 10, June 1945, 28, HRA.
99. AAF Statistical Digest, 226, 261; Air Intelligence report no. 8, 15–17;
Twentieth Air Force, “Flak Damage on Various Types of Missions,” and
“Final Analysis of Flak Loss and Damage for Operations against Japan,” Air
Intelligence report, vol. 1, nos. 26–27, November–December 1945, 3–7, HRA.
See also Kuehl, “The Radar Eye Blinded,” 37–38.
100. Flak downed a number of the top aces. In World War I, ground fire
downed the top ace, the Red Baron, Manfred von Richthofen (80 credits). In
World War II, the leading American ace in Europe, Francis Gabreski (28
credits), crashed while attacking an airfield; US flak killed George Preddy Jr.
(26.8 credits); and German flak downed others such as Hubert Zemke (17.8
credits) and Duane Beeson (17.3 credits). Japanese AAA killed Robert Hanson
(25 credits), the third-ranking Marine ace. Flak also got two of the top
British aces, Brendan Finucane (32 credits) and Robert Tuck (29 credits).
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