Archie to SAM: A Short Operational History of Ground-Based Air ...

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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE IN THE 1990S the summer of that year was critical. 70 Before the event, some claimed that the upcoming test was rigged. An article in Time stated that “little is being left to chance . . . . So little, in fact, that this may be a test in name only—an expensive piece of Potemkin performance art to win enormous military appropriations.” 71 In any event, the program suffered a twin failure on 8 July 2000, when the kill vehicle failed to separate from the booster, and the balloon decoy did not deploy from the target missile. The Los Angeles Times called it a “spectacular test failure” and a “debacle of monumental proportions.” 72 In addition, while a neutral observer might consider the incident a nontest, certainly it was bad public relations and politics. With only one success on three attempts, diplomatic pressure from friends and nonfriends alike, domestic pressure magnified by the media, and escalating cost estimates, President Clinton was under great pressure to cancel the program. The close presidential election campaign did not help matters. On 1 September 2000, he announced that he was postponing a decision, leaving that responsibility to his successor. 73 George W. Bush and BMD That successor turned out to be the more enthusiastic BMD supporter of the two presidential candidates, Republican George W. Bush. With his election, the path of the BMD took another turn. In May 2000, well before the election heated up, candidate Bush proposed deep unilateral cuts of nuclear weapons along with a robust BMD that would be shared with allies and at a more distant date shared with both the Russians and Chinese. 74 Shortly after Bush’s election, the Russians suggested an arrangement that would exchange cuts in offensive weapons for some level of cuts in defensive weapons. In mid- November, the commander of Russia’s missile forces proposed a scheme that would limit each side to an agreed-upon number of offensive and defensive weapons but allow each to decide the exact mix. Bush repeated his call in January 2001 for building the BMD and nuclear arms reduction; he also seemed willing to consider the Russian proposal. 75 257
BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE IN THE 1990S By early 2001, the Russians were no longer pushing their joint BPI concept. They and the American allies had reluctantly accepted the idea that the new administration was going forward with BMD. In late February 2001, the New York Times reported that the Russians had begun serious talks about BMD. The Russian foreign minister, Igor Ivanov, stated that “we are ready and interested in starting a direct dialogue with the US administration.” 76 For their part, the Europeans saw the way things were going and tried to make the best of the situation. There was press speculation that the Europeans would accept the American BMD plan in exchange for US acceptance of a proposed European Union deployment force that would be separate from NATO. 77 President Bush continued to push NMD despite domestic and foreign criticism. The administration asked Congress to increase missile defense spending from $3 billion to $8.3 billion. At the same time, there were reports that the Pentagon planned to notify Congress that it would begin building a missile-defense test range in Alaska. Not only was this in violation of the 1972 ABM treaty that limited testing to White Sands, New Mexico, and Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands, but this facility could also be used for an emergency deployment. The Alaska site could field 10 interceptor missiles. This helps explains the high-level view that the testing could conflict with the treaty “within months, not years.” 78 The first two years of the Bush administration produced three sets of events critical to BMD development. The first event involved domestic politics: in June 2001, power in the US Senate shifted from Republican to Democratic hands. NMD was a signature issue for the Republicans, while the Democrats have been much more reluctant; the Republicans have tended to favor armaments, while the Democrats advocated treaties to deal with international threats. Or, in the incendiary words of the former speaker of the House of Representatives, Newt Gingrich, “It’s the difference between those who would rely on lawyers to defend America and those who would rely on engineers and scientists.” 79 Thus, NMD certainly will have a more difficult route than appeared to be the case after the November 1990 258
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Report Documentation Page Form Appr
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Air University Library Cataloging D
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Contents Chapter Page DISCLAIMER .
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CONTENTS Chapter Page 7 BALLISTIC M
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CONTENTS Figure Page 30 George Pred
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CONTENTS Figure Page 70 Blowpipe .
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Foreword Dr. Kenneth Werrell’s hi
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About the Author Dr. Kenneth P. Wer
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PREFACE excluded from the original
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PREFACE always been a factor in air
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Artillery Institute
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ANTIAIRCRAFT DEFENSE THROUGH WORLD
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Figure 7. British 40 mm light antia
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES American air
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES company deliv
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES (discussed la
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES flak rockets
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES 1953, the rat
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES to 1,285 in J
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES Figure 40. Ar
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES cember 1958,
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Figure 42. Nike Hercules. The Nike
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES Airmen test-f
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES Bomarc failed
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES Despite knowl
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES Figure 47. Ha
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES Army decided
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES The third fam
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES with both les
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES that fired ov
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES Figure 53. Br
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES The two-decad
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES A. H. Peterso
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES “SAMs Spur
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Chapter 3 Airmen versus Guerrillas:
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS the next y
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS war with t
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS Figure 56.
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS firings fr
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS but modifi
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS War Vietna
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS D.C.: Depa
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Chapter 4 Operations between Vietna
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OPERATIONS BETWEEN VIETNAM AND THE
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Chapter 5 Ballistic Missile Defense
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE Army cons
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Figure 81. Spartan launch. The Spar
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE a limited
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE these wer
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE ment to c
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE developin
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE Radar Int
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE casualtie
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE fluential
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE missiles
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Page 298 and 299: Index A-1, 128, 227-28, 232 A-4, 12
Page 300 and 301: INDEX Convair, 98 Crotale, 158 D-da
Page 302 and 303: INDEX Gulf of Tonkin incident, 115
Page 304 and 305: INDEX Remagen, 24, 57, 270 RF-4C, 1
Page 306 and 307: INDEX SAM, 34, 74, 81-82, 84, 87, 9
Page 308: Archie to SAM A Short Operational H
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