Archie to SAM: A Short Operational History of Ground-Based Air ...

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ANTIAIRCRAFT DEFENSE THROUGH WORLD WAR II Figure 32. USN 40 mm gun. The Navy’s 40 mm guns, again the everpresent Bofors, accounted for one-half of the Japanese aircraft destroyed by ship guns after October 1944. (Reprinted from http://www. grunts.net/album/navy/guncres.htm.) minute. The Navy increased the number of these guns from 611 in July 1940 to 2,868 in June 1945. A major factor in the increased effectiveness of the heavycaliber gun was the introduction of proximity fuzes. The Navy first fired the proximity fuze in January 1942, and, in its first simulated combat test that August, downed three drones with 52
ANTIAIRCRAFT DEFENSE THROUGH WORLD WAR II four shells. In the proximity fuze’s first combat engagement a year later, the USS Helena downed a Japanese bomber with its second salvo. The Navy estimated that the proximity fuzes increased AAA effectiveness three to four times. The fuze helped account for the high percentage of Japanese aircraft claimed by the 5-inch/38-caliber guns, numbering 31 percent through the first half of 1944. 94 Japanese Antiaircraft Artillery Japanese AAA lagged behind the other major powers throughout the war. The Japanese lacked the technological and manufacturing base to deal with their air defense problems and to make good their deficiencies. In addition, the Japanese received only limited assistance from the Germans and failed to fully mobilize their civilian scientists. 95 The most widely used Japanese heavy flak piece was the 75 mm type 88 that entered service in 1928. It fired a 14.5-pound shell at a muzzle velocity of 2,360 fps to 23,550 feet but was inaccurate above 16,000 feet. The Japanese stuck with this gun throughout the war, while the Americans, British, and Germans went to larger and better performing weapons. Not that the Japanese did not try to upgrade their weapons—they produced an improved 75 mm gun (75 mm type 4) in 1944 but built only 65 and got few into action. Likewise, the Japanese put a 120 mm gun into production in 1943 but built only 154. Only two 150 mm guns saw service. The Japanese also used a few 88 mm naval guns. 96 In 1941, the Japanese deployed 300 antiaircraft guns in defense of the home islands. By March 1945, they deployed 1,250, and, by the end of the war, over 2,000. As might be expected, the Japanese concentrated the largest number of their heavy guns (in all 509 to 551) around Tokyo: in August 1945, 150 naval 88 mm guns; 72 120 mm guns; and two 150 mm guns. Thus, compared with the Germans, the Japanese deployed fewer and less-capable guns. In addition, Japanese radar was far behind German radar. The Japanese did not capitalize on German technology but primarily relied on technology from captured American and British equipment. 53
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Report Documentation Page Form Appr
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Air University Library Cataloging D
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Contents Chapter Page DISCLAIMER .
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CONTENTS Chapter Page 7 BALLISTIC M
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CONTENTS Figure Page 30 George Pred
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CONTENTS Figure Page 70 Blowpipe .
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Foreword Dr. Kenneth Werrell’s hi
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About the Author Dr. Kenneth P. Wer
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PREFACE excluded from the original
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PREFACE always been a factor in air
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Artillery Institute
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Page 34 and 35: Figure 7. British 40 mm light antia
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES that fired ov
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES Figure 53. Br
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES The two-decad
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES A. H. Peterso
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES “SAMs Spur
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Chapter 3 Airmen versus Guerrillas:
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS the next y
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS war with t
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS Figure 56.
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS firings fr
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS and Navy c
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS American A
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS but modifi
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS In all, du
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS least an e
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS War Vietna
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS D.C.: Depa
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS 97, 121; a
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Chapter 4 Operations between Vietna
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OPERATIONS BETWEEN VIETNAM AND THE
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Chapter 5 Ballistic Missile Defense
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE Army cons
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE Figure 80
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Figure 81. Spartan launch. The Spar
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE a limited
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE these wer
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE ment to c
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE developin
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE Radar Int
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE when the
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE casualtie
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE fluential
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE missiles
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE psycholog
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE 6. Army O
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE April 196
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE 54. Reiss
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE 74. GWAPS
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Chapter 6 Ground-Based Air Defense
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GROUND-BASED AIR DEFENSE SINCE 1990
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Chapter 7 Ballistic Missile Defense
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE IN THE 19
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Figure 96. Arrow launch.The Arrow i
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Chapter 8 Summary, Trends, and Conc
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SUMMARY, TRENDS, AND CONCLUSIONS ev
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SUMMARY, TRENDS, AND CONCLUSIONS te
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SUMMARY, TRENDS, AND CONCLUSIONS EC
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Index A-1, 128, 227-28, 232 A-4, 12
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INDEX Convair, 98 Crotale, 158 D-da
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INDEX Gulf of Tonkin incident, 115
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INDEX Remagen, 24, 57, 270 RF-4C, 1
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INDEX SAM, 34, 74, 81-82, 84, 87, 9
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Archie to SAM A Short Operational H
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