Archie to SAM: A Short Operational History of Ground-Based Air ...

ANTIAIRCRAFT DEFENSE THROUGH WORLD WAR II
79. “Special Report of Operations in Support of First Allied Airborne
Army,” 43–44.
80. Headquarters US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, Office of the Director
of Operations, “Neutralizing German Anti-Aircraft Defenses,” study, 14
November 1944, 1–3, HRA.
81. Fifteenth Air Force, “High Altitude Bombing Attacks on Flak Batteries,”
31 March 1945, HRA.
82. Ibid.; Historical Division, Department of the Army, Utah Beach to
Cherbourg (6 June–27 June 1944) (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing
Office [GPO] 1947), 171–73.
83. Joint report no. 4, “German Flak and Allied Counter-Flak Measures
in Operation Varsity,” RAI; “History of Air Defense,” Air Defense Magazine,
April–June 1977, 22. Little information is available on Soviet flak defenses.
James Hansen writes that the Soviets increased their antiaircraft weapon by
a factor of eight between 1941 and 1945. He asserts that the Soviets credit
flak with 40 percent of their 7,000 aircraft claims. See James Hansen, “The
Development of Soviet Tactical Air Defenses,” International Defense Review,
May 1981, 53.
84. Elwood Quesada, “Effect of Antiaircraft Artillery on IX Tactical Air
Command Operations,” Coast Artillery Journal, September–October 1946, 29.
85. Kirkpatrick, Archie in the A.E.F., 93, 100, 179.
86. Garland and Smyth, The US Army in World War II, 175–82; and
Charles Shrader, “Amicicide: The Problem of Friendly Fire” (paper, Combat
Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, Kans., 1982), 67–68.
87. A British source states that 14 of 100 aircraft were downed, 19 others
turned back, while the rest scattered their loads across the countryside.
Routledge, Antiaircraft Guns, 262; and Shrader, “Amicicide,” 69.
88. Just as the subject of fratricide is neglected, so too is the issue of
enemy aircraft not engaged. Only one example should be required to make
the point: American radar detected aircraft flying toward Pearl Harbor before
the attack but could not identify them. See Aircraft Identifiers, Gree, 2757,
and Brentrall, 2759, to commandant, subject: “Aircraft Identifiers Aboard
Merchant Ships, 9 June 1944,” HRA; “Analysis of Reports Concerning the
Engagement of Friendly Aircraft by Our Own Ground or Shipborne Forces
and Also All Reports Covering the Engagement of Our Own Ground Forces
by Friendly Aircraft,” item no. 4, “Attacks on Friendly Aircraft by Ground
and Naval Forces,” annex A to 21 Army Group/225/Ops, 29 July 1944,
HRA; History, 65th Fighter Wing, “Light, Intense and Accurate: US Eighth
Air Force Strategic Fighters versus German Flak in the ETO,” 89, HRA; US
Army Air Defense School, “Air Defense,” 2:38, 169; War Diary of Brig Gen
Richard E. Nugent, November 1944, 12, HRA; Shrader, “Amicicide,” 34, 45,
66, 70; and David Mets, Master of Airpower (Novato, Calif.: Presidio Press,
n.d.), 268.
89. Report of General Board, US Forces, European Theater, “Antiaircraft
Artillery Techniques,” 10, HRA.
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