Archie to SAM: A Short Operational History of Ground-Based Air ...

BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE IN THE 1990S
54. The administration wanted to get further arms reductions, even though
the START II agreement had not been ratified by the Russian parliament.
There were hopes that START III would further reduce each power’s strategic
nuclear warheads from 6,000 to 1,500. See Sheila Foote, “White House
Threatens Veto of Cochran’s NMD Bill,” Defense Daily, 5 February 1999, 1;
Lippman, “New Missile Defense Plan”; Bill Gertz, “U.S. Missile Plan Hits
Roadblock,” Washington Times, 22 October 1999, 1; Frank Gaffney, “What
ABM Treaty?” Washington Times, 4 March 1999, 17; Bradley Graham, “U.S.
to Go Slowly on Treaty,” Washington Post, 8 September 1999, 12; and
Jonathan Weisman, “U.S., Russia to Develop a Joint Missile Defense,” Baltimore
Sun, 1 August 1999.
55. Michael Gordon, “U.S. Seeking to Renegotiate a Landmark Missile
Treaty,” New York Times, 17 October 1999, 1; Graham, “U.S. To Go Slowly
on Treaty,” 13; Jane Perlez, “Russian Aide Opens Door a Bit to U.S. Bid for
Missile Defense,” New York Times, 19 February 2000; “Russia: Talks with
U.S.,” New York Times, 23 December 1999, A8; “Russia Rejects Changes in
ABM Treaty,” Washington Post, 4 March 2000, 14; and Weisman, “U.S., Russia
to Develop.”
56. Bennett, “Needed”; and David Sands, “U.S. Considers Placing Missiles
at Alaska Sites,” Washington Times, 9 September 1999, 17.
57. Elizabeth Becker and Eric Schmitt, “Delay Sought in Decision on
Missile Defense,” New York Times, 20 January 2000; Justin Brown, “Two
Views of Security, as Seen in ‘Star Wars,’ ” Christian Science Monitor, 13
March 2000; Bradley Graham, “Missile Shield Still Drawing Friends, Fire,”
Washington Post, 17 January 2000; James Hackett, “Sorties Against Missile
Defenses,” Washington Times, 27 December 1999; and Jane Perlez, “Biden
Joins G.O.P. in Call for a Delay In Missile-Defense Plan,” New York Times, 9
March 2000.
58. In February 1985, long-time government policy maker Paul Nitze proposed
that SDI should be judged by its military effectiveness, survivability,
and cost effectiveness at the margin; that is, it should be cheaper for the defense
than the offense to add additional systems. See Eisendrath, Goodman,
and Marsh, The Phantom Defense, 16; and Mary McGrory, “Going Ballistic,”
Washington Post, 30 March 2000.
59. “A Misdirected Missile Defense Plan,” Los Angeles Times, 30 April
2000, M4.
60. Davis Abel, “Missile System’s Best Defense is Public Opinion,” Boston
Globe, 28 January 2001; William Broad, “Nobel Winners Urge Halt to Missile
Plan,” New York Times, 6 July 2000; and Elaine Sciolino, “Critics Asking
Clinton to Stop Advancing Missile Plan,” New York Times, 7 July 2000.
61. Jim Abrams, “Report Puts $60 Billion Tag on Shield,” USA Today, 27
April 2000; Tony Capaccio, “National Missile Defense Cost Estimate Rises
nearly 20 Percent,” Defense Week, 11 September 2000; Helen Dewar, “Clinton
is Urged to Defer to Successor on Missile Shield,” Washington Post, 14 July
2000; and John Donnelly, “Missile Defense Costs 60 Percent More than Advertised
Price,” Defense Week, 3 April 2000.
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