Archie to SAM: A Short Operational History of Ground-Based Air ...

BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE
6. Army Ordnance Missile Command, “SAM Reference Book,” IV-16, V-1,
2–3, 6, R; John Bullard, “History of the Field Army Ballistic Missile Defense
System Project, 1959–1962,” December 1963, 5, R; Mary Cagle, “History of
Nike Hercules Weapon System,” April 1973, 191, R; and Woodrow Sigley,
“Department of the Army Presentation to the Department of Defense Antiballistic
Missile Committee: Scheduling and Costs for the Army Antiballistic
Missile Program,” October 1956, 4, R.
7. Bullard, History, 2, 4, 9, 12–13, 80; Cagle, “Nike Hercules,” 173, 191,
192n; and Tony Cullen and Christopher Foss, eds., Jane’s Land-Based Air
Defence, 1996–97, 9th ed. (Coulsdon, Surrey, U.K.: Jane’s, 1996), 290.
8. “ABM Research and Development at Bell Laboratories: Project History,”
I-1, I-2, I-3, I-5, I-6, I-10, I-15, R; and Walker, Martin, and Watkins, Strategic
Defense, 10.
9. “ABM Project History,” I-15; Space and Missile Defense Command
(SMDC), “A Discussion of Nike Zeus Decisions,” 5, HRA; and Ralph Taylor,
“Space Counter Weapon Program: Air Defense Panel Presentation,” February
1961, HRA.
10. “ABM Project History,” I-5, I-32; and K. Scott McMahon, Pursuit of the
Shield: The US Quest for Limited Ballistic Missile Defense (Lanham, Md.: University
Press of America, 1997), 15; SMDC, “Discussion of Nike Zeus Decisions,”
5–7; and Walker, Martin, and Watkins, Strategic Defense, 18.
11. Craig Eisendrath, Melvin Goodman, and Gerard Marsh, The Phantom
Defense: America’s Pursuit of the Star Wars Illusion (Westport, Conn.:
Praeger, 2001), xix.
12. A clarification on terminology may be in order. In the early years, ballistic
missile defense was oriented primarily, if not exclusively, against strategic
missiles and was usually referred to as ABM. Later, defensive efforts were
aimed at both strategic and tactical weapons, and the term ballistic missile
defense was used. To keep matters simple, I have used ABM and BMD interchangeably
to indicate ballistic missile defense in general against either
strategic or tactical weapons. See Daniel Papp, “From Project Thumper to SDI:
The Role of Ballistic Missile Defense in US Security Policy,” Air Power Journal,
April 1987, 41.
13. Army Ordnance Command, “SAM Reference Book,” IV-4; North American
Air Defense Command (NORAD), “Quest for Nike Zeus and a Long-
Range Interceptor,” historical reference paper no. 6, 7–13, HRA; B. Bruce
Briggs, The Shield of Faith: A Chronicle of Strategic Defense from Zeppelins to
Star Wars (N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, 1988), 141; Edward Jayne, “The ABM
Debate: Strategic Defense and National Security” (PhD diss., Political Science,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1969), 24; NORAD, “Quest for Nike
Zeus,” 2; and Walker, Martin, and Watkins, Strategic Defense, 18.
14. For example, the Eisenhower administration cut the planned interceptor
fighter buy from 4,500 aircraft to 1,000, and the planned buy of
8,300 Nike Hercules to 2,400. See Briggs, The Shield of Faith, 137, 141; and
Edward Reiss, The Strategic Defense Initiative (New York: Cambridge University,
1992), 22.
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