Effects of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and ... - FINS

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1 st WorkshopXIII International Feed Technology Symposiumand if it’s of good quality, it can satisfy the requirements of goats completely. Thatway the adding of concentrated feed is lowered which diminishes the cost of nutritionof goats. Green feed should be the basic nutrient in nutrition of goats for a period of180 days in a year, at least. However, the yield of green mass from our natural andplanted grassland is dangerously low. For green mass production in plantedgrasslands, various compounds of spear grass and leguminous plants should be used.The most suitable plants for grass compounds are orchard grass, timothy-grass, tallfescue, meadow fescue, ryegrass, hairy brome, smooth meadow-grass, pigweed andleguminous plants such as alfalfa, red clover, birdsfoot trefoil, white clover etc.Grass has many advantages compared to roughage and concentrated feed because it’sa very good source of widely available nutriments. It contains a large percent ofprotein with high biological value, vitamin C and E, carotene, carbohydrates, macroand micro elements, growth factor etc. These nutriments are directly available toanimals unlike with preserved roughage which is transformed by various methods oftreatment and loses nutriments in the process. Compared to mowing, pastureamplifies the productivity of grasslands by more than 30% by gaining a richer yieldfrom the start (3).Table 1. Goat performance on ryegrass pastures (1)Stocking rate (n/xa 1 ) 8,0 10,4 13,6 16,4Total weight/xa (kg.) 430 558 730 881ADG (kg.) 0,31 0,20 0,22 0,18Total gain/xa (kg.) 370 310 446 4401Number of head on 0,4 xaThere are different grass types, leguminous plants of different quality, weed, harmfuland poisonous plants on our grasslands. The botanical structure of the naturalgrasslands is less appropriate compared to planted grasslands. Planted grasslands areusually based on only one type of plant (grass or leguminous plant) or a compound ofgrass and leguminous plants. Grass is rarely harbored as an individual type of plant ingrasslands. It is usually harbored as a compound of types of grass and perennialleguminous plants. On the other hand, leguminous plants are primarily harbored asindividual crops and some of them are harbored in grass- leguminous compounds (5).When planting grassland, compounds of perennial leguminous plants and types ofgrass should be given advantage because they provide more dry matter per surfaceunit, as well as more protein and minerals. Compounds of leguminous plants andtypes of grass have less variation in quantity of the yield compared to individualcrops, and they dry faster when mowed with less mechanical loss during themanipulation.155
1 st WorkshopXIII International Feed Technology SymposiumTable 2. Intake level of green forages used as a sole feed in the basal diet (2)Forage State of lactation, days Intake level g/kg BW * 0,75Italian rye grass 60 – 160 82 (60 – 101)Orchard grass 60 – 160 65 (59 – 81)Fescue 60 – 160 68 (62 – 75)Alfalfa 60 – 160 103 (69 – 157)Red clover 60 – 160 93 (50 – 118)Vetch + oats 130 – 150 79 (51 – 150)Corn (maize) 160 – 200 81 (63 – 99)* Tolerated refusals: 25-35%; concentrate intake = 0, 7 kg DM.PRESERVATION OF ROUGHAGEHey and silage are the primary types of preserved roughage. Because of the effectweather conditions have on the quality of hey, preparation and usage of hey has beenreplaced by the preparation and usage of silage. However in nutrition of goats inwinter period hey is sometimes the basic and the only nutrient, especially forcategories with lower production rate. Hey contains carbohydrates, protein, mineralsand vitamins and it is very important in nutrition of goats for maintainingphysiological state of the abdomen, it stimulates the movement of food through theanimal’s intestines, speeds up the development of the stomach with youngercategories, prevents the decay of milk fat level etc (5, 9, 13). However, besides thosebeneficial characteristics, hey has certain deficiency. For example, it is the mostvariable nutrient compared to its chemical and nutritive structure; it limits theproduction in case it is the basic or the only nutrient etc. Nutritional value and qualityof hey depend greatly on the type of plant it mostly consist of, period of hay making,method of drying, preservation and usage etc.There were various attempts of improvement in mowed plants drying technology:additional drying with dry and cold air, artificial drying etc. (5) Because of the highcost of the energy-generating products, most of hey today is still prepared by dryingon the ground all over the world. (13) However there has been a great improvementin hey preparation machinery. Accordingly, there is a big selection of machines todaywhich handle the mowing, collecting and bale making and so all hey preparationprocedures are completely mechanized.Silage is very rarely used in nutrition of goats under the conditions in our region. Thequality of silage primarily depends on the type and quality of the material in silos,which refers to dry matter content, degradable sugars and protein, with anothersignificant step in the process which is probable additive adding during thepreparation. Contemporary trends in silos’ storage technology are based on chemicalresources usage, biological additives usage, enlarged aerobe stability of the silage,micro toxins absorption etcSilage for nutrition of goats can be prepared from various plants such as corn, barley,oat, rye, different types of leguminous plants and grass, sunflower, turnip, raw beetcuttings etc. Well prepared silage given to goats in a proper way can satisfy certain156
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Effects of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and ... - FINS

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