Effects of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and ... - FINS

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1 st WorkshopXIII International Feed Technology SymposiumEFFECT OF UTILIZATION AND COMPOSITION OFCONCENTRATES IN GOAT NUTRITION ON QUANTITY ANDQUALITY OF PRODUCED MILKNurgin Memiši 1 , Goran Grubić 2 , Miroslav Žujović 31 AD Mlekara – Subotica, Tolminska 10, Serbia2 Institute of Animal Husbandry, Agricultural Faculty Zemun, Serbia3 Institute of Animal Husbandry, Zemun, SerbiaABSTRACTIn order to determine the quantity of concentrate mixture to feed goats in a ration, thelevel of milk yield, quantity and quality of ingested fodder, appetite and status of theconstitution should first be determined. In general, if milk yield is not at any higherlevel, goats are able to produce sufficient quantities of milk with very low concentrateconsumption. Two basic periods can be differentiated in the nutrition of goats and theiroffspring: the summer or pasture period, and the winter or stable period. Depending onthis, the nutritional balance is composed, both for feed requirements while on pasture,and for preserved feed (hay, haylage, silage, etc.) in the winter period. Goats are verygood at utilizing fodder: pasture, hay, and haylage.Therefore the yield of a goat will to the largest extent depend on the quantity and qualityof such fodder. In high producing goats, fodder quality is very important. In such cases,certain quantities of concentrates are also included in the ration, since fodder is notsufficient to fulfill all nutritional requirements of the animal. Concentrate mixtures arediffered to increase the share of energy and protein in the ration, but also to supplementthe ration with individual mineral elements. Since goats can excrete as much as 1.5 timesmore dry matter than dairy cows by unit of body weight, their nutritional needs are high.For high milk production, realized by very valuable animals, fodder quality becomeseven more important. In this process, utilization of certain quantities of concentrates, aswell as their composition, must also be considered. Concentrate mixtures used for thispurpose are similar to those given to dairy cows, with a protein share of 12 to 18%. Also,the share of concentrates in the total ration is 40 – 60%.Key words: feeding, goat, concentrate, production of milkINTRODUCTIONIn order to enable adequate growth, development, and high milk production, as well asadequate balancing of rations for goats, it is very important to know the changes of theirmetabolic cycle the whole year round. Also, all these changes are primarily conditionedby the geographic latitude, i.e. the effect of climatic factors (6). Similar to cattle andsheep, during the yearly production cycle of goats, there is an alternation of periodsduring which they form body reserves of nutritious substances, and periods when theyutilize such reserves (7, 8).259
1 st WorkshopXIII International Feed Technology SymposiumTwo basic periods can be differentiated in the nutrition of goats and their offspring:summer or pasture period, and winter or stable period. Depending on composition,nutrition is balanced, both for nutritional requirements on pasture, and for preserved feed(hay, haylage, silage, etc.) during the winter period. Goats are very good at utilizingfodder: pasture, hay, and silage.Therefore, production of goats will mostly depend on the quantity and quality of thesefeeds (10). In high producing goats, fodder quality is very important. In such cases, acertain quantity of concentrate is also included in the ration, since fodder is not sufficientto fulfill all needs of the animal for nutritional substances. Concentrate mixtures areoffered to increase the share of energy and protein in the ration (12, 13), and also tosupplement the ration with certain mineral elements (9, 11). Special attention should bepaid to nutrition of goats during lactation.In the case of goats producing higher quantities of milk, rations with higher energyconcentration should be provided during lactation, where milk production is in highcorrelation with the quantity of energy consumed from food, especially in mid-lactation.NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF GOATSEnergy and proteins are the most important factors for calculating nutritionalrequirements of dairy goats. The lack of energy in the ration limits productivity, whileprotein is indispensable for growth, gestation and milk production. There often is adeficit of energy in goat nutrition, and not only in animals with high milk production(13). Abortions can result, especially from 90 to 110 days of gestation when insufficientnutrition causes stress in the goat, due to hypoglycemia. Insufficient energy will reduceweight gain and milk production, and will also change the fatty acid composition of milkfat, i.e. will lead to a decrease of medium chain fatty acids which the are the mostdesirable in human nutrition (4). In table 1 are presents data about daily nutritionalrequirement of adult goat. Total intake of feed dry matter/hd/day ranges from 2,5 to5.5% of body weight with 3,5% being typical. Protein requirements for maintenance are20-30 g on 50 kg of body weight or 60-70 g/kg milk in lactation.260
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Effects of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and ... - FINS

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