Effects of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and ... - FINS

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1 st WorkshopXIII International Feed Technology Symposiumbut influenced on reducing of glucose concentration, and increasing of ureaconcentration in serum, and numerical decreasing of milk and milk protein yield(Plaizier, 2004).Using of alfalfa haylage instead of raygrass haylage in diets for dairy cows in the secondphase of lactation, increasing BW gain, (0.48 kg/day), and yields of milk (6.1 kg/day),4% FCM (6.8 kg/day), milk fat (0.26 kg/day), milk protein (0.25 kg/day). Feedconversion (kg of milk/kg consumed DM) and conversion of consumed N (g milk N /gconsumed N) were greater for cows fed raygrass haylage (27 %), as digestibility ofdietary DM (16 %), NDF and ADF (53 %) too (Broderick et al. 2002). Raygrass andgrass generally are characterized with higher digestibility of DM, NDF and ADF, thanalfalfa, but with slower rate of degradation. Decreasing of dietary DM digestibility thatis related with increased intake is more expressive for grass than for legumes.Replacing of one half of corn silage with alfalfa haylage in ration for dairy cows in thesecond phase of lactation, increases percentage of milk fat (2.68 and 3.32%), and milkfat yield (1.17 and 1.45 kg/day). There were no differences for DM intake, and dailymilk production, between treatments (Onetti et al. 2004). Replacing of one-half of alfalfahaylage with corn silage, decreases milk fat content from 3.35 to 3.04 %. Ruminalpropionate concentration was higher, with decreasing chop length of forages, as alsowith replacing a part of alfalfa haylage with corn silage (probably because of increasingquantity of starch in ration). Acetate to propionate ratio was lower for diets with shorterforage feed particles, as also when alfalfa haylage were replaced with corn silage(Krause and Combs 2003).According to Ferreira and Mertens (2005), DM digestibility of ground corn silage firstdepends of NDF and ADL (lignin insoluble in acid detergent) content (R 2 =0.80). In vitrodigestibility of corn silage DM that is not additionally ground depends of ADL content,portion of kernel particles larger than 4.75 mm, mean particle size of silage and DMcontent. Additional processing of kernel, treating chopped whole corn plant withonboard kernel processing rolls, increasing starch digestibility of silage. Cooke andBernard (2005) report decreasing of corn silage starch digestibility for lactating cows,with increasing apart between kernel processing rolls from 2 mm to 8 mm. Cows in thesecond phase of lactation fed total mixed ration based on corn silage with theoreticalchop length of 27.8 mm, consumed more DM (25.55 and 24.55 kg), OM (23.85 and 22.9kg), showed higher ruminal (64.7 and 58.2 %) and total (96.65 and 96.0) starchdigestibility, lesser daily yield of milk fat (1.21 and 1.32 kg), higher ruminalconcentration of acetate (58.3 and 58.05 mg/dl) and lower concentration of propionate(25.85 and 26.3 mg/dl), greater intake of NE L (171.33 and 163.18 MJ/day), than cowsfed silage with theoretical cut length of 39.7 mm (Johnson et al. 2003). Kernelprocessing increased dietary starch digestibility (96.8 and 95.85 %). Additional kernelprocessing increased DM intake, milk yield and milk fat percentage (Bal et al. 2000).Authors explained these by higher ruminal and total starch digestibility. Decreasing ofchop length of corn silage (1.90 and 0.95 cm) caused a depression of fiber digestibility.Digestibility of DM, starch and crude protein, were significant greater for cows fedrations based on corn silage with 32 % of DM content, compared with silage with 40 %of DM. Crop maturity and DM content of whole corn plant at the moment of ensiling,influenced at greater extent on fermentation and quality of silage, compared withadditional kernel processing and using of inoculants. Increasing DM content of corn221
1 st WorkshopXIII International Feed Technology Symposiumplant during harvesting and ensiling provides greater content of NE L in cows’ rations(Johnson et al. 2003a). Higher cutting height of corn plant (12.7 and 45.7 cm) duringharvesting and ensiling, numerically increased NDF digestibility (31.8 and 34.3 %),daily milk production (45.2 and 46.7 kg/day) and feed conversion (1.67 and 1.72 kg ofmilk/kg consumed DM) for cows in second phase of lactation (Neylon and Kung, 2003).Rinne et al. (2002) reported depression of DM intake, digestibility of OM, CP, NDF,ADF, as also decreasing of milk yield (21.5 and 18.4 kg/day), for cows in middle oflactation, fed diets with grass silage (timothy-meadow fescue sward) ensiled afterharvesting at later stage of maturity.Increasing pH of corn silage by adding NaHCO 3 , increased DM intake (3.91 and 4.58kg/day) and OM intake (3.74 and 4.23 kg/day), in diets for young fattening cattle.Lowering acidity achieved using NaHCO 3 positively affected on intake of DM (6.95 and7.73 kg/day) and OM (6.64 and 7.23 kg/day) for heifers fed corn silage, as also on intakeof DM (7.03 and 8.22 kg/day) and OM (6.23 and 7.31 kg/day) for heifers fed alfalfahaylage. Higher content of moisture and lower of DM (38.0 and 29.7 %) in corn silage,depressed intake of DM (8.09 and 6,95 kg/day) and OM (7.80 and 6.64 kg/day) forheifers (Shaver et al. 1985).Fiber digestibility is significant parameter of forage quality, because of large variationsof ruminal NDF digestibility between feeds. Efficiency of forage NDF utilization atgreat extent affects on production performances of cows in lactation, from the reason ofsignificant portion of fibers in dietary DM. Minimal recommendation for NDF content indietary DM for lactating dairy cows is 25 %, and the greatest part (75 % of total NDF,or 19 % in dietary DM) should be from forages (NRC, 2001). Even that in rations forlactating dairy cows is necessary substantial portion of NDF, higher NDF contentdecreases DM intake, first of physical fill of rumen. Higher ruminal digestibility of NDFreduces physical fill of rumen and provides greater DM intake (Mertens, 1997). Higherruminal digestibility of forage NDF statistically significant increases DM intake, by thatenergy intake and milk production. This effect is more expressive when physical fill ofrumen limits dietary dry matter intake. Dietary NDF content and digestibility affectsruminal fill. Increasing of forage NDF digestibility by 1 %, increases DM intake by 0.17kg and yield of 4 % FCM by 0.25 kg/day, for lactating cows (Oba and Allen, 1999).Milk yield (36.3 and 38.2 kg/day) and DM intake (19.4 and 20.4 kg/day) weresignificant greater for cows in early lactation, with increasing NDF digestibility (40 and45 %) of alfalfa haylage (83 % of diet DM). Higher digestibility of dietary DM, OM andNDF, higher concentration of VFA in rumen and proportion of propionate in total VFAcontent, are also determined (Dado and Allen, 1996).222
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