Effects of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and ... - FINS

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1 st WorkshopXIII International Feed Technology SymposiumTHE EFFECT OF MICRO AND MACROELEMENTCONCENTRATONS IN FEED AND WATER ON THEIRDISTRIBUTION IN BEEF CATTLE TISSUESMarija Vukašinović 1 , Vladimir Kurćubić 2 , Jovanka Lević 31 Veterinary Specialized Institut “KRALJEVO”, Ţička 34, Kraljevo, Serbia2 Faculty of Agronomy Čačak, Cara Dušana 34, Čačak, Serbia3 Institute for Food Technology, Bul. cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, SerbiaABSTRACTA six-month study was conducted to determine the concentrations of micro- andmacroelements (iron, manganese, potassium, sodium and calcium) in the water, hay andcomplete feed mixtures (CFM) used for beef cattle. The water, hay and CFM sampleswere collected for analysis at fifteen-day intervals, totalling ten samples per each testmaterial.The test beef cattle (n=10) were raised on a mini-farm in Kraljevo. Samples of musculartissue, liver and kidney were obtained from each test animal immediately after slaughterto determine the content of the above elements. All samples used for the analysis,excepting water, were prepared by ash process and the mineral concentrations (contents)were read by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS).The average iron content was 1.92 mg/l in water, 185.52 mg/kg in hay, 137.43 mg/kg inCFM, 38.87 mg/kg in the muscular tissue of the beef cattle, 67.60 mg/kg in the liver and78.83 mg/kg in the kidney. The average manganese content was 1.57 x 10 -2 mg/l inwater, 76.01 mg/kg in hay, 12.64 mg/kg in CFM, 0.34 mg/kg in the muscular tissue, 2.37mg/kg in the liver and 1.12 mg/kg in the kidney. The average sodium content was 2.81mg/l in water; 1.34 g/kg in CFM; 464.05 mg/kg in the muscular tissue; 547.58 mg/kg inthe liver and 774.24 mg/kg in the kidney. The average potassium content was 2.37 mg/lin water; 11.28 g/kg in CFM; 5.71 g/kg in the muscular tissue, 5.59 g/kg in the liver and5.69 g/kg in the kidney. The average calcium content was 12.98 mg/l in water; 9.62 g/kgin CFM; 729.07 mg/kg in the muscular tissue; 534.04 mg/kg in the liver and 252.14mg/kg in the kidney.The obtained results suggested that the iron intake by the tested beef cattle from thewater supply was substantially above the maximum tolerable concentrations (MTC),whereas the manganese content was considerably lower. The detected iron content ofCFM largely exceeded the minimum requirements for cattle, as opposed to themanganese content which was below the limit values prescribed by the Regulation. Thehighest content of iron was detected in the kidney and that of manganese in the liver ofthe test animals. Potassium was uniformly distributed within the tissues, whereas sodiumand calcium accumulated in the kidneys and muscles, respectively.Key words: iron, manganese, potassium, sodium, calcium, water, hay, CFM, beef cattle,muscular tissue, liver, kidney306
1 st WorkshopXIII International Feed Technology SymposiumINTRODUCTIONMeat is a very rich and suitable source of nutrients, including microelements, amongothers. The chemical composition of meat is dependent on the livestock feeding methodsand plane of nutrition. Mineral requirements of cattle depend on their age, physiologicalstate and feed intake as well as on the raising conditions employed [14]. Mineralsaccount for almost 1% and they have specific functions in terms of metabolism andbreeding technology [30]. Meat contains significant amounts of phosphorus, calcium,sodium and iron salts and low amounts of copper, zinc, aluminium and manganese.Iron is an essential component of a number of proteins involved in oxygen transport orutilization (hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes and iron-sulphur proteins participatingin the electron transport chain). There are several mammalian enzymes that eithercontain iron or are activated by iron [16]. More than 50% of the iron in the body ispresent in hemoglobin. Since three quarters of the iron in the organism is contained inhemoglobin and myoglobin, it is quite natural that the highest iron concentrations arefound in the blood and organs having hematopoietic, hemolytic and storage functions.The iron requirement is about 50 mg/kg diet in beef cattle, due to the reports on youngcalves fed milk diets indicating that 40-50 mg Fe/kg is adequate to support growth andprevent anemia [4, 2]. Minimum requirements for complete feed mixtures (CFM) inbeef cattle are estimated at 20 mg/kg. The iron content in adult animals is variable acrossorgans and tissues. Total iron levels differ among individual animals.Iron occurs in meat as either heme iron or free iron and is stored in ferritin in ionic form.Iron resorption takes place through the intestinal mucous membrane providing andregulating maintenance of iron equilibrium in the body. Iron resorption in the digestivetract is dependent on the iron reserves in the body and therefore an equilibrium ismaintained between the course of iron resorption and size of iron reserves. The course ofresorption may be affected by diet components: it decreases substantially at low calciumand high phosphorus and phytic acid levels. Iron excretion from the organism is minimal(through urine and faeces).The first signs of iron deficiency in animal diet include anemia (hypochromicmicrocytic), languidness, reduced feed intake, weight loss, pale mucous membranes andatrophy of the papillae of the tongue [3, 4]. Anemia can develop in calves fedexclusively milk diets for extended periods of time lacking sufficient amounts of othernutrient supplements.Given the fact that anemia treatment in humans is also associated with iron intakesthrough beef meat and viscera, we deemed it important to determine the iron content ofthe muscular tissue, liver and kidneys following slaughter of the tested beef calves. Bothmeat and fish meat are good sources of iron in human diet (400-500 mg Fe/kg).Manganese functions as a component of the enzymes pyruvate carboxylase, arginase andsuperoxide dismutase and as an activator for a number of enzymes, including hydrolase,kinase, transferase and decarboxylase [13, 1]. Only glycosyltransferases are specificallyactivated by manganese. The mitochondrial concentrations of manganese imply thatmanganese is involved in partial regulation of oxidative phosphorylation.Manganese participates in oxidation and reduction processes, as well as in theconversion of fat, sugars and proteins. It influences growth, reproduction and thefunction of endocrine organs. High levels of manganese can reduce those of hemoglobin.307
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