Effects of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and ... - FINS

1 st WorkshopXIII International Feed Technology Symposiumrace and/or strains are much more sensitive than others to certain mycotoxins. Generally,in relation to the age - young animals are more sensitive, according to gender - maleanimals. Production and physiological status plays an important role, where animals withbetter production results or animals whose hormonal status is high (pregnancy, growing,lactation) are more sensitive. Harmful effects of mycotoxins emphasize deficiencyand/or imbalance of nutrients, the presence of other diseases, as well as stressfulsituations. Special influence on manifestation of harmful and toxic effects of certainmycotoxins has the presence of other mycotoxins in feed (synergism).During metabolism mycotoxins change in the organism [23]. Some intermediatemetabolites become less toxic (AFM1 less than AFB1), and some much more toxic(zeralenol of zearalenone) and carcinogenic (aflatoksikol).MYCOTOXICOSESMycotoxicoses are nutritionally-medical [22], and diagnostic problem, because somemycotoxins cause changes in multiple organs. Diseases caused by mycotoxins arecontagious, related to feed and/or specific feedingstuffs, similar to vitamin deficiencies,can not be treated with antibiotics and other drugs and in the organism does not causeimmune response because they are of low molecular weight, so that the animals arepermanently unprotected from their effects. Low content of mycotoxins in feed and/orfood in practical terms often causes the appearance of chronic mycotoxicoses [8], but theeffect of lower amounts over a long time has the same effect as larger quantities during ashort period.The most frequent are aspergilotoxicoses (aflatoxins, ochratoxin, sterigmatocystin,citrulin, patulin), fusariotoxicoses (zearalenone, trichotecens) and peniciliotoxicoses(citrinin, citreoviridin, luteoskirin, ciklohlorotin), while stahyobotritoxicoses,dehondrotoxicoses and mucorotoxicoses have less importance and are mainly related tocrude feedingstuffs.SIGNS OF MYCOTOXICOSESSymptoms of illness depend on the target organs, as well as the character, intensity andsize of changes caused by the mycotoxin. Hepatotoxins cause damage of morphologicaland functional structure of the liver cells and stimulate the development of liver cancer(aflatoxins, rubratoxin, sterygmatocystin, fumonisin, sporodesmin etc.). Nephrotoxinscause morphological and functional damage followed by renal failure (ochratoxin,citrinin). Neurotoxins cause nervous system damage and bleeding in the brain (patulin,pentrem, citreoviridin, fumonisin). Cytotoxins damage epithelial cells of the skin andmucous membranes of the digestive tract and the endothelium of blood vessels causingnecrosis (necrotoxins) and bleeding (trichotecens). Estrogens develope hyperestrogenismgenitals problems (zearalenone, zearalenol). Photosensible toxins cause redness of theskin and the appearance of hepatotoxic manifestations (sporodezmin). Factors of feedrefusal cause decrease of consumption and vomiting with all the consequences on theproduction results and animal health (DAS, DON, trichotecens), and respiratory toxinsdamage the respiratory mucosa (fumonisin, trichotecens).93