Effects of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and ... - FINS

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1 st WorkshopXIII International Feed Technology SymposiumThe absorbed manganese is readily transported by blood to the liver and bones.Manganese is not concentrated in any particular organ or tissue. The concentrations inthe bones, liver, kidneys and pancreas (1-3 mg/kg fresh tissue) are higher than those inthe skeletal muscles (0.1-0.2 mg/kg).The manganese concentration in livestock feed is variable, depending on the fodderplants used, soil pH and soil drainage [17]. Therefore, complete feeds for beef cattlemust be supplemented with adequate forms of manganese, most commonly manganeseoxide and manganese sulfate. If the relative biological availability of manganese frommanganese sulfate is 100%, the availability from manganese oxide and manganesecarbonate is 60-80 % and 25-40%, respectively [16]. As compared to manganese sulfate,the relative availability of manganese from manganese methionine is approximately 120% [12].The manganese requirements of animals depend on the animal species and dietary levelsof calcium and phosphorus –high levels of calcium and phosphorus have been proved toincrease the need for manganese [11, 7, 15]. The evaluation of manganese requirementsis hampered by inadequate research data on manganese availability (manganeseavailability in poultry nutrition is estimated at 5%). The manganese requirement for beefcattle is 20 mg Mn /kg diet.Manganese deficiency in young animals leads to skeletal abnormalities (includingstiffness, twisted legs, swollen joints and reduced bone strength). In older cattle, itcauses poor or irregular oestrus response, low conception rate, abortion, stillbirths andlow birth weight of offspring.No limits are prescribed by the Codex Alimentorum, for iron and manganese.The highest amounts of potassium and sodium in animal tissues are stored in muscles,and those of calcium in the bones. Potassium is the major cation in the intracellular fluidinvolved in the acid-base balance, regulation of osmotic pressure, water balance, smooth,skeletal and heart muscle contractility, nerve impulse transmission and certain enzymaticreactions. The potassium requirement of beef cattle is around 0.6%. Potassium isabsorbed from the rumen, omasum and the intestines and its absorption is very high.Feedstuffs are excellent sources of potassium, containing between 1 and 4% potassium.Cattle diets can be supplemented with potassium as potassium chloride, potassiumbicarbonate, potassium sulfate or potassium carbonate (all forms are readily available).Sodium is the major cation in the extracellular fluid, the function thereof being tomaintain osmotic pressure, control water balance and regulate the acid-base balance.Another important function of sodium is its involvement in muscle contractions, nerveimpulse transmission, and glucose and amino acid transport.The sodium content of feedstuffs shows high variations. Animal-derived productsgenerally contain higher sodium and chlorine amounts than plant-derived products[19].Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. As much as 98 % of calciumfunctions as a structural component of bones and teeth and the remaining 2% isdistributed in extracellular fluids and soft tissues where it is involved in vital functions(blood coagulation, membrane permeability, muscle contraction, nerve impulsetransmission, cardiac regulation, secretion of certain hormones and activation andstabilization of some enzymes).The calcium requirements have been calculated by adding the available calcium requiredfor maintenance, growth, pregnancy and lactation and correcting for the percentage of308
1 st WorkshopXIII International Feed Technology Symposiumdietary calcium absorbed. The Agricultural and Food Research Council (AFRC) hasrecently used a value of 68% absorption to calculate calcium requirements of beef cattle[27].Calcium is absorbed primarily from the duodenum and jejunum by active transport andpassive diffusion [16]. Vitamin D is required for active absorption of calcium [6]. Innatural feedstuffs, calcium occurs in oxalate or phytate form. In alfalfa hay, 20-33 % ispresent as insoluble calcium oxalate which is apparently unavailable to the animal [36].Calcium deficiency in young animals prevents normal bone development and retardsgrowth and development, resulting in bone softening and fragility leading to fructures. Inadult animals, the deficiency induces osteomalacia. Blood calcium concentration is not agood indicator of calcium status as plasma calcium is maintained at 9-11 mg /dL byhomeostatic mechanisms. Parathyroid hormone is released in response to a reduction inplasma calcium levels. It stimulates the production of 1,25-dihydroxy cholecalciferol(vitamin D 3 ), which enhances calcium resorption from the intestines and, in conjunctionwith parathyroid hormone, increases calcium resorption from the bones. Elevated plasmacalcium concentrations induce the production of caltinonin that inhibits the production ofparathyroid hormone, leading to decreased calcium absorption and bone resorption [20].The calcium content of feedstuffs is affected by plant species, portion of plantconsumed, maturity, amount of exchangeable calcium in the soil and climate [17]. Ahigher content of calcium is found in legumes than in grasses.Given the similar role that sodium and potassium play in regulating the cation balanceand osmotic pressure in intra- and extracellular fluids, their relative dietary amounts areconsidered highly important. Determination of the potassium, sodium and calciumcontents of water and feedstuffs can help adequately define their amounts throughcomplete feeds consumed. The mineral intake affects the mineral content in the tissuesof the animal and, hence, beef cattle. In view of the importance of beef and viscera (liverand kidney) diets in human nutrition, it is necessary to determine the content of theabove micro- and macro elements (minerals) in them.MATERIAL AND METHODSThis study was conducted to determine the contents of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn),potassium (K), sodium (Na) and calcium (Ca) in water, hay and complete feed mixtures(CFMs) for beef cattle as well as their concentrations in the muscular tissue, liver andkidney samples obtained immediately after slaughter of the beef calves. The analysisincluded 10 samples of each test material.The samples of water, hay and CFM were collected for analysis at fifteen-day intervalsover a six-month period and those of tissue and organs were secured from theslaughtered feed cattle.The water samples collected for analysis were prepared by nitrate acid preservation atthe experimental farm and were subsequently concentrated in the laboratory. The haysamples were homogenized, chopped and heated on a hot place until burnt. Then, theywere incinerated in an incinerating furnace at 550 0 C. Following the incineration process,the residue was dissolved in 1:1 HCL and redistilled water and decanted into 50 mLweighing vessels.309
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