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The performance of two groups of novice veterinary students was compared. One group of students were trained with the phantom, the other group received only traditional training. The results showed that the performance of the phantom trained group was significantly better than the other group. Therefore, the phantom provides an effective supplement to traditional training for the fundamental skills students need to learn: locating the uterus in the cow, full fertility examinations, diagnosing pregnancy or even putting a scanner in the right place. Key words: phantom, teaching, gynaecology, reproduction 1053 Distance Education Programs for Specialization in Bovine Production E. Tellez, MA. Quiroz Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Cattle Health Service, México D.F., Mexico The modern distance education programs started in the United Kingdom in the decade of the sixties, in the XX th century. In the following decade, similar studies were initiated in Spain and also in Mexico. Dr. Pablo González Casanova was dean of University when the Distance Education Program was instituted in the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, in the year of 1972. This distance education program offered by the university provided courses for college degrees. However, the Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y 330 Introduction to Veterinary Genetics C. Droegemueller University of Berne, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Bern, Switzerland The huge spectrum of genetic phenotypes in cattle covers anomalies, disorders, diseases and also morphological traits. A detailed clinical and pathological description and examination of the phenotype is the most important prerequisite before initiating genetic studies. After the recognition of a new genetic phenotype it is recommended to get an idea about the possible mode of inheritance, e.g. simple monogenic or more complex polygenic, by pedigree based segregation analysis. Once there is evidence for a genetic component an appropriate number of DNA samples of cases and control is required to perform either targeted candidate gene or genome wide analyses. 331 Defects of the Skeletal System: Congenital Spinal Malformations J. Agerholm Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Frederiksberg, Denmark Skeletal malformations are among the most commonly recognised congenital malformations in cattle and many of these have been reported in the spine. Spinal malformations may occur as part of a generalized bone disease or may only affect the spine. Some spinal defects are a part of a syndrome or the spinal lesion may induce secondary lesions in other tissue. Arthrogryposis is a common lesion associated with malformation of the spine. Chondrodysplasia and osteogenesis imperfecta are two generalized bone defects affecting the vertebrae. Several types of chondrodysplasia exist and these have traditionally been designated on the basis of their morphology or breed affiliation. However, recent progress in molecular biology has started to solve the riddle of chondrodysplasia thus forming the basis for a more appropriate terminology. Osteogenesis imperfecta is an inherited collagen defect associated with decreased strength of bones and other tissues having type I collagen as an important structural part. Although spinal lesions are a part of this disorder, lesions in other parts of the 330 XXV. Jubilee World Buiatrics Congress 2008 Genetics Diseases Workshop Zootecnia offered only specialization courses. This study system in Mexico was created due to the students´ demand for places in the university. However, the Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria decided to only implement the specialization courses which were integrated by veterinarians, pedagogues, educators, psychologists, designers and professionals in communication, mainly specialists on television and cinematography. These groups started the preparation of all the materials required for the courses, the programmed texts and the didactic guides required for the subjects. These latter materials were supported with slides and super 8 and 16 mm films which would eventually be replaced with computer technology material. The teaching-learning binome is integrated by the students and veterinarians and their teachers which are called tutors. The teaching-learning activity takes place outside the university campus since the students are practicing veterinarians in their communities and have other responsibilities to their jobs and their families that make it impossible for them to go to specialization courses in the universities located in the big cities. Therefore, the tutors travel every other week to meet with the students in different states of the country. Study groups are formed and the students meet with the tutor. At the moment, there are six study groups in towns located in strategic points where the students have easy access. In the last fifteen years, more than 600 professionals have concluded their specialization courses and received their diploma which is a much greater number of graduates by the traditional university courses. skeleton are generally more obvious. Several disorders associated with widespread vertebral malformation have been reported. The Complex Vertebral Malformation (CVM) syndrome has occurred in Holsteins worldwide. CVM is due to a single base mutation in the SLC35A3 gene, which is essential for normal segmentation of the spine. Recently, the brachyspina syndrome has been identified in the Holstein breed. The spine is abnormal short due to widespread malsegmentation and the growth is severely retarded (body weight around 10 kg). Affected calves also have internal organ defects as i.e. renal dysplasia and they are usually stillborn. Several local spinal defects have been reported but their inheritance has in most cases remained unsolved. Deviations from the normal course of the spine (i.e. scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis, and torticollis) are rather common. Fusion of vertebrae might affect all levels of the spine, but atlanto-occipital fusion is the most frequently reported type. Absence of vertebrae is mostly reported as absence of lumbosacral vertebrae (Perosomus elumbus) or absence of caudal vertebrae causing shortening or absence of the tail. A specific syndrome exists in which absence of caudal vertebrae is associated with genital, urinary and alimentary defects. Absence of vertebrae might not be complete. Abnormal development of the vertebral arch is seen in spina bifida. 332 Defects of the Skeletal System: Update on Syndactyly in Cattle A. Eggen 1 , S. Floriot 1 , A. Duchesne 1 , A. Ducos 2 1 INRA, Laboratoire de Génétique Biochimique et de Cytogénétique, Jouy-en-Josas, France 2 INRA, Station d'Amelioration Génétique des Animaux, Centre de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France Syndactyly in Holstein cattle is an autosomal recessive abnormality characterized by the fusion of the functional digits. This disorder has been previously mapped to the telomeric part of bovine chromosome 15. We recently fine-mapped the syndactyly locus in Holstein cattle to a 3.5-Mb critical interval using a comparative mapping approach and an extended pedigree generated by embryo transfer. We reported genetic evidence for the exclusion of two genes previously suggested as candidates (EXT2 and ALX4) and described the identification of a doublet mutation in complete linkage disequilibrium with syndactyly in one gene of the critical interval: LRP4. Finally, based
on recent discoveries concerning the mouse mutants dan and mdig and a mouse knockout for Lrp4, we present solid evidence that the subsequent substitution in LRP4 exon 33 is a strong candidate causal mutation for syndactyly in Holstein cattle. 333 Inherited Defects of the Brown Breed: Genetic Diseases of the Central Nervous System K. Doll University of Giessen, Clinic for Ruminants and Pigs, Giessen, Germany Bovine progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy (PDME) or weaver syndrome, an autosomal recessively inherited neurological disease, was first observed in American Brown Swiss in 1973. Clinical signs usually begin at 6 months to 2 years. The progressive bilateral hindlimb weakness and proprioceptive deficits cause difficulty in rising and a weaving, hypermetric gait, and finally recumbency.Pathological findings include axonal degeneration in the white matter of the thoracal spinal cord, and myelin degradation. Additionally nerve fibers of the peripheral nervous system exhibit comparable mitochondrial alterations and identical alterations are encountered in skeletal muscles. Weaver syndrome can be considered as a primary axonopathy, and a mitochondria-related encephalomyolo-/myopathy, respectively. Bovine spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), an inheritable autosomal recessive neurological disease, is characterized by degeneration and loss of motor neurons of the spinal cord and motor nuclei of the brain stem, and denervation and neurogenic atrophy of the striated muscle. Electron microscopy reveals accumulation of neurofilaments and mitochondria in affected neurons. SMA was first described in 1988 in calves of the Red Danish breed x American Brown Swiss. The progressive weakness with respiratory failure finally causes death in the affected animals. The disease shares many features with Werdnig-Hoffmann disease in man and the spinal muscular atrophies of other animals. Bovine spinal dysmyelination (SDM), an autosomal recessive neurological disorder, was first reported in new-born brown Swiss x Braunvieh calves in 1993 and in calves of the Red Danish Dairy breed x American Brown Swiss (1994). It is characterized by congenital lateral recumbency, opisthotonus, extension of the limbs, normal to increased reflexes, and normal alertness. At histological examination dysmyelination occurres in spinal tracts, affecting the ascending gracile funiculus, the ascending dorsolateral spinocerebellar tract, and the mainly descending sulcomarginal tract. Deficient myelin production, loss of myelin, consecutive axonal degenerations, and astrogliosis within these tracts are the histological characteristics. This primary myelination disorder differs from other hereditary neurological diseases in Brown Swiss and Braunvieh cattle, i.e. the weaver-syndrome and the spinal muscular atrophy. 334 Inherited Defects of the Brown Breed: Arachnomelia A. Gentile 1 , S. Testoni 2 1 University of Bologna, Veterinary Clinical Department, Bologna, Italy 2 University of Padova, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Padova, Italy Arachnomelia (“spider-legs”) is a congenital abnormality of the skeletal system giving the animal a spidery look, and reported both in Brown and Simmenthal calves.The most important pathologic findings are: facial deformities (i.e. brachygnatia inferior and concave rounding of the dorsal profile of the maxilla), bone dolichostenomelia, angular deformities in the distal part of the hind legs, muscular atrophy and cardiac malformations. The bones of the legs appear to be more fragile than normal and spontaneous fracture during calving may injure the dam. 335 Inherited Defects of the Brown Breed: Genetic Aspects C. Droegemueller University of Berne, Institute of Animal Breeding, Bern, Switzerland Four independent different genetic diseases were observed in Brown Swiss cattle. For all phenotypes an autosomal monogenic recessive inheritance has been described. In 1993 the first genetic disease in cattle, progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy (Weaver disease), which is also associated with increased milk production, was genetically mapped to bovine chromosome 13. In 2001 the spinal dysmyelination (SDM) was mapped in crossbred American Brown Swiss cattle to bovine chromosome 11. In 2007 the first causative mutation for a genetic defect in German Brown cattle was reported for the neurodegenerative disease spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). The bovine FVT1 gene, encoding 3-ketodihydrosphingosine reductase, which catalyzes a crucial step in the glycosphingolipid metabolism, showed a perfectly SMA associated missense mutation. In 2008 a microsatellite marker based whole genome scan revealed significant linkage to markers on bovine chromosome 5 for the mutation causing arachnomelia or spider legs in Swiss and Italian Brown cattle. To select against these genetic defects either linked microsatellite markers (Weaver, SDM and arachnomelia) or the determination of the causative mutation itself (SMA) can be used to identify carriers. These molecular findings allow efficient selection against the four most frequently genetic diseases in Brown cattle. 336 Bovine Leucocyte Adhesion Deficiency: History and Control. A Retrospective Survey H. Nagahata Rakuno Gakuen University, Department of Animal Health, Rakuno, Japan Bovine leucocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD) in Holstein cattle is an autosomal recessive congenital disease characterized by recurrent bacterial infections, delayed wound healing and stunted growth, and is also associated with persistent marked neutrophilia. The molecular basis of BLAD is a single point mutation (adenine to guanine) at position 383 of the CD18 gene, which caused an asparatic acid to glycine substitution at amino acid 128 (D128G) in the adhesion molecule CD18. Neutrophils from BLAD cattle have impaired expression of the beta-2 integrin (CD11a,b,c/CD18) of the leucocyte adhesion molecule. Abnormalities in a wide spectrum of adherence dependent functions of leucocytes have been characterized. Cattle affected with BLAD have severe ulcers on oral mucous membranes, severe periodontitis, loss of teeth, chronic pneumonia and recurrent or chronic diarrhea. Affected cattle die at an early age due to the infectious complications. Holstein bulls, including carrier sires that had a mutant BLAD gene in heterozygote were controlled from dairy cattle. The control of BLAD in Holstein cattle by publishing the genotypes and avoiding the mating between BLAD carriers was found to be successful. The overview of the BLAD in Holstein cattle will be presented. 365 Spastic Paresis and Spastic Syndrome: a Never Ending Story A. Gentile University of Bologna, Veterinary Clinical Department, Bologna, Italy Despite the fact that Spastic Paresis and Spastic Syndrome have been known for many decades, many of their pathogenic and etiological mechanisms remain unknown. Spastic Paresis is clinically characterized by a hyperextension of the rear limbs (“straight hock”) due to a contraction of the muscles which form the Achilles tendon. Signs of Spastic Paresis appear usually at the age of 3 to 8 months. Affected animal has a stiff gait and moves without normal hock flexion. In the most severe cases the leg is held so that the foot just touches the ground with the toe or remains completely raised from the ground and extended backwards. Spastic Paresis is considered to be caused by a spastic contraction of the antigravitational, foot extensor muscle group, especially the gastrocnemius and the superficial digital flexor. The contraction of the quadriceps femoris characterizes the recently described atypical form of Spastic Paresis of the femoral quadriceps, observed firstly in Belgian White Blue calves but experienced also in Romagnola animals. The muscular spasticity should be attributed to a hyperactivity of the myotatic reflex (“stretch reflex”). The dysfunction lies primarily in the gamma-pathway. Spastic Syndrome (“crampiness”, “Krämpfigkeit”) is a chronic condition that occurs in adult cattle. It is a particular problem in mature bulls maintained in artificial insemination centres but can affect also cows in a recurrent or in a progressive form. The disease is characterized by intermittent bilateral spasm of skeletal muscles of the pelvic girdle, including the muscles of the rump. Each Genetics Diseases Workshop 331
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130. évfolyam Különszám II. Vol
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The World Buiatrics Congress (WBC)
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lood and liver tissue. Absolute vit
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RNS causes increased lipid peroxida
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An experiment was conducted to stud
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2 Hungarian Institute of Agricultur
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and plasma HCO 3 - increased from H
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Materials and Methods: Serum sample
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vitamin A stores in liver, the hypo
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andomly assigned to one of five tre
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observed in group II of the animals
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The aim of the monitoring was to co
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health group (HG) categories for an
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lactating cows is sparse. Lotan and
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491 Effect of Acarbose on Milk Yiel
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499 Secondary Hepatogenous Photosen
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they all died in a two to three day
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and HCO 3 level. The concentration
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amount of saponins was observed in
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Water was offered ad-libitum. Feed
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Se, I and Co) more than 500 blood s
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541 Variability of Blood Profile an
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evaluated, highly significantly gre
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we measured sensitivity of the enti
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were 0.17; 0.13 °C (Max.: 0.73). D
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calving pregnancy period were the b
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2 University of Nottingham, Departm
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animals) was treated with 5 mg enro
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In dairying, good management practi
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Somatic cell count (SCC) is one of
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This investigation was run in some
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eproductive data showed that cows f
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(3.6%) and others (Bacillus spp., N
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602 Coagulase Gene Polymorphism of
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2 Institute of Veterinary Bacteriol
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an important part of the pathogens
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4 Universidade de Sao Paulo, Clinic
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incubated for one hour at 37 oC. Af
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In Belgium, an increasing amount of
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Conclusion: It can be concluded tha
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calves recovered after 4 to 10 days
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disease. Thus losses were estimated
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635 Prevalence of the Pulmonary Les
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Conclusions The sanitation program
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Italy. After the sample examination
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Results: The cows sera were collect
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(Mb) as co-infecting agent is becom
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distributed over 13 different fatte
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main infection sources to the urban
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686 Characterisation of Cattle Orig
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using EPFC. The intradermal tubercu
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three cattle farms each. Leptospiro
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(cELISA) only to definitively confi
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1 Islamic Azad University of Shahre
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Financial support: CNPq, CAPES, FIN
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731 Detection and Investigation on
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necropsied, tissue samples were tak
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aseline values. The mean HCO 3, PCO
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immunization with either the curren
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decrease in animal aggregation in p
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747 Effect of Dietary Supplementati
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755 Study of Pulmonary Adenomatosis
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1 University of Erciyes, Faculty of
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2006 was observed a small decreasin
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for O69 strain), and clinical signs
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2 University of Veterinary Medicine
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794 Serum Haptoglobin and Fibrinoge
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complete random design (CRD). The r
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- Ca, Mg, K, and Ca:P ratio were lo
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818 Cerebral Coenurosis in a Goat:
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concentrations of the goat milk, in
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was significant and showed that bre
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cm long and 1/48 cm diameter. Middl
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circular external skeletal fixator
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847 Llama Anesthesia for Orthopedic
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28 Preliminary Results of a General
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Israeli commercial dairy herds cons
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109 Association between Johne’s D
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195 Changes in Plasma Beta-Carotene
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In the last year 2006, in the perio
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serious economic concern in the fat
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was a cumulative incidence rate of
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The level of antibodies produced in
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1096 Determination of Risk Indicato
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ParaCheck, CSL/Biocor, Australia (C
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1111 The Prevalence of Hock Lesions
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Objectives: To evaluate two differe
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1126 Relationships between Paratube
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1134 A Comparison between Two Calf
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The present work aimed to investiga
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University College Dublin, School o
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214 Cystic Ovarian Diseases in Dair
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inseminator were tested in regressi
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University of Nottingham, Animal He
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tissue (8,6 cm 2 ) was twice as lar
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libido in unmotivated males. Simila
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groups according to their diameter
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improve embryonic development are m
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in each sample). On day 0, 104 cows
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1 Warsaw University of Life Science
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and durable spermatozoa. Within the
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motility and CM integrity (p=0.869
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the median number of attempted moun
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909 The effect of “GnRH” and
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3 COOPEVOLIA, Centre Zootechnique,
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923 Production of Bovine Blackleg V
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Institute of Physiology and Sanocre
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2 University College Dublin, Animal
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(I.M.) 1 mg of estradiol cipionate
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Lameness results in major economic
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methods; ANOVA (with binary classif
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Initially two radiographs were obta
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number of positive faecal samples d
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Pfizer Animal Health, Veterinary Me
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Key words: calf, active immunity, p
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1 University of Camerino, Veterinar
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vaccinated (Group II) with Pastobov
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# Antigens Association in diarrhea
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1015 Prevalence of Eimeria Infectio
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group showed higher serum lactate c
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thymus in calves and heifers with c
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concentrations of calves with umbil
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The goal of this paper is to expose
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187 Cooling Strategies to Improve M
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inspections, carried out by specifi
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The origin of Hungarian Grey cattle
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University of Warmia and Mazury in
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POSTER ABSTRACTS 1225 The Effect of
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multiple fracture (n=1, 1.3%). The
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position. A fusiform skin incision
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Conclusions: It is the first presen
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1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, A
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of 101.55±4.94 mmHg. Afterwards th
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In Mexico, there is a wide variety
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Cardiovascular disorders are common
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Conclusion: The total contamination
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Material and methods: The trial inc
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detection of M. wenyonii infection.
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390 Study on Attenuation Mechanisms
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POSTER ABSTRACTS 1152 Detection of
Page 282 and 283: digestion. It works only on Apicomp
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Page 296 and 297: cattle ocular squamous cell carcino
Page 298 and 299: pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK
Page 300 and 301: Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus (BIV)
Page 302 and 303: significantly lower in groups vacci
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Page 316 and 317: influence of different risk factors
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Page 320 and 321: anaerobes. Aerobic bacteria isolate
Page 322 and 323: P4 12 to 24 hours before calving is
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Page 328 and 329: esults, supported by a decrease in
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Page 334 and 335: spasm is accompanied by kyphosis, w
Page 336 and 337: occurrence of a crisis of stiffness
Page 338 and 339: Notices 336 XXV. Jubilee World Buia
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