Volume 1 - Iraq Watch

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Regime Financeand ProcurementFigure 13. Oil earnings for each calendar year(13 phases of the UN OFF Program), 1997-2003.• According to Tariq Aziz, Taha Yasin Ramadan al-Jizrawi, and Hikmat Mizban Ibrahim al-Azzawi,the oil voucher program was managed on an ad hocbasis by the Regime officials listed in Figure 14.• The Iraqi Intelligence Service, Ambassadors, andother senior Iraqi officials also commonly madenominations for oil allocations.Oil Voucher ProcessThe MoO normally distributed the secret oil allocationsin six-month cycles, which occurred in synchronizationwith the UN OFF phases (see Figure 15).Senior Iraqi leaders could nominate or recommend anindividual or organization to be added or subtractedfrom the voucher list and an ad hoc allocation committeemet to review and update the allocations (seeAnnex B: Known Oil Voucher Recipients). However,Saddam personally approved and removed all nameson the voucher recipient lists.This voucher program was documented in detail in acomplete listing maintained by Vice President TahaYasin Ramadan al-Jizrawi and the Minister for Oil,Amir Muhammed Rashid Tikriti Al Ubaydi. If achange was requested by telephone by Saddam or anyother top official, either the MoO or SOMO rendereda detailed memo for the record of the conversation. Asenior Iraqi official, ambassador, the IIS, or Saddamhimself would recommend a specific recipient (i.e.company, individual, or organization) and the recommendedamount of the allocation. That recommendationwas then considered by the ad hoc committee andbalanced against the total amount of oil available forexport under the UN program disbursement. Whenformer Vice President Ramadan finalized the recipientlist, it was sent to Al Ubaydi. The official at SOMOin charge of issuing the final allocation vouchers(making the disbursements) stated that Tariq Azizwould give the final list to him. He believed that itwas Aziz that finalized the list upon the direction ofSaddam.29
Tariq AzizFormer Deputy Prime Minister. He was personally involvedin the handling of Western expatriates and companies.Taha Yasin Ramadan Al-JizrawiFormer Vice President, Ba’ath party head, and Director of theIraqi Oil for Food Program Committee.Amir Muhammad Rashid Tikriti AlUbaydiFormer Minister of Oil. He ensured that the Ministry and itsmarketing arm, SOMO, kept detailed records on the oil allocationprogram.Muhammed Mahdi Al-SalihFormer Minister of Trade.Hikmat Mizban Ibrahim Al-AzzawiFormer Minister of Finance.Muhammad Sa’id Kazim Al-SahhafFormer Minister of Information.Abd Al-Tawab Mullah HuwayshFormer Director of the Military Industrialization Commission(MIC).Figure 14. Senior Iraqi leaders who managed the OilVoucher Program and were authorized to offer vouchers.Secret Voucher RecipientsIn general, secret oil allocations were awarded to:• “The Russian State” with specific recipients identified(see Annex B: Known Oil Voucher Recipients).• Traditional oil companies that owned refineries.• Different personalities and parties, which werelabeled “special allocations” or “gifts.” This groupincluded Benon Sevan, the former UN Chief of theOffice of Iraq Program (OIP), numerous individualsincluding Russian, Yugoslav, Ukrainian, and Frenchcitizens.30Recipients could collect their allocation vouchersin person at SOMO or designate someone to collectthem on their behalf. The oil voucher was a negotiableinstrument. Recipients, especially those not in thepetroleum business, could sell or trade the allocationsat a discount to international oil buyers or companiesat a 10 to 35 cent per barrel profit. Frequent buyers
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Comprehensive Reportof the Special
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versus another. They deserve at lea
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In Saddam’s view, Iraq was the na
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UNSCOM gave a sufficiently positive
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The Regime, drawing on the experien
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December 1998. The United States an
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The new Iraq could benefit from the
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and the Baath party. This is a volu
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have been important, though they ha
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Regime StrategicIntentRegime Strate
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ContentsKey Findings...............
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AnnexesA. The Quartet—Influence a
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Key FindingsSaddam Husayn so domina
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Former Iraqi Regime Officials Varie
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Who Made Iraq’s StrategicDecision
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• Tariq ‘Aziz described the req
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• Instead, voluminous files were
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secure Saddam’s support for odd o
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Saddam’s Use of Execution—Manag
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solely for civilian use when the re
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directly and continuously to him. H
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How Saddam Saw HisSubordinatesMinin
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Saddam’s PsychologyHow Saddam Saw
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to consist of was hazy. His drive t
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Iraq’s Use of CW in 1991 Against
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Excerpts from a Closed-Door Meeting
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maker asserted that either country
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Israel“There can never be stabili
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Saddam’s handling of Iraq’s res
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this to the international community
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Regime StrategicIntentNote: Red cel
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Iraq’s Relationship With RussiaTh
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Realizing Saddam’s VeiledWMD Inte
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Selected UN Security Council Resolu
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Husayn KamilBorn in 1955 within the
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ibility with UNSCOM. Iraqi demands
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and the International Atomic Energy
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The Saga of the “Chicken Farm”
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Security Services (continued)The Sp
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VX Warhead Samples & The Iraqi Air
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success—reduced or suspended oil
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Preserving and Restoring WMD Infras
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• The Regime also sought diplomat
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Renewing UN InspectionsIraq allowed
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never part of the military plan cra
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• Former Minister of Defense Sult
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Annex AThe Quartet—Influence and
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Perceptions of Threat and Challenge
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OverviewAnnex BIraq’s Intelligenc
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Regime StrategicIntentThe Scientifi
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M6, Directorate of Internal Securit
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Structure of M14• Special Operati
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M18, Directorate of ResidencyM18 is
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Structure of M40• M40/1 Monitors
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Page 118 and 119: Regime StrategicIntentThe Special S
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Page 122 and 123: The Republican GuardThe Republican
Page 124 and 125: The Republican Guard Forces Command
Page 126 and 127: Annex DSaddam’s Personal Involvem
Page 128 and 129: [Translator Comment: they are in go
Page 130 and 131: Regime Financeand ProcurementRegime
Page 132 and 133: ContentsA Word on the Scope of This
Page 134 and 135: MIC Banking and Financing .........
Page 136 and 137: A Word on the Scope of This Chapter
Page 138 and 139: Key FindingsThroughout the 1990s an
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Page 142 and 143: Chapter SummaryThe Illicit Finance
Page 144 and 145: The Regime TimelineDecline (1991-96
Page 146 and 147: OverviewDirecting and Budgeting Ira
Page 148 and 149: Regime Financeand ProcurementFigure
Page 150 and 151: Iraq’s National Budget 1991-2002A
Page 154 and 155: OverviewFinancing Iraq’s IllicitP
Page 156 and 157: including abolishing universal empl
Page 158 and 159: Behind the scenes, the Iraqi govern
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Page 162 and 163: Figure 10. Iraq’s estimated earni
Page 168 and 169: stated that he believed the Russian
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Page 172 and 173: were made to at least two Iraqi fro
Page 174 and 175: Figure 21. Iraq’s estimated earni
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Page 188 and 189: OverviewExecuting Illicit Procureme
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Page 198 and 199: Although other Iraqi ministries wer
Page 200 and 201: From 2000 onwards, the RG’s annua
Page 204 and 205: The information provided by these t
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Page 212 and 213: • In May 2002, ARMOS was offered
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officer suggested Neptune would be
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Regime Financeand ProcurementFigure
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• A foreign intelligence service
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MIC Research Support at Universitie
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Figure 51. Sattam HamidFarhan Al-Ga
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Supplying Iraq With ProhibitedCommo
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UNSCOM’s Operation Tea Cup (1995
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• The technology included guidanc
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Embassy to Jordan in Amman. The fir
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Regime Financeand ProcurementThis i
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Since 1991, Iraqi-Turkish trade rev
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cash through private sector trade o
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Chinese Assistance in Iraqi Telecom
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October 2001, Syrian technicians we
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• Yugoslav Federal also supplied
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jammers, night-vision devices, and
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• According to captured documents
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Transportation Routes From North Ko
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Materials, Equipment and Services P
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conflict, President Lukashenko inst
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Many transactions for prohibited go
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Importing ProhibitedCommoditiesDece
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International Commodity Deception:T
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Disguising the Commodity’s Destin
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months to reach Baghdad from Bulgar
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Figure 68. Primary oil smuggling ro
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Annex ATranslations of Iraq’s Bil
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An ISG Translation of the 2003 Iraq
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Benzene for automobiles:If there is
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Secondly: oil derivativesThe Iraqi
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Fifteenth:Based on the Jordanian re
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Figure 1. The Iraq-SyriaTrade Proto
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Figure 2. Iraq-Syria TradeProtocol
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Figure 3. The Iraq-TurkeyTrade Prot
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Annex BKnown Oil Voucher Recipients
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Oil Allocation RecipientList (conti
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Key Budgetary ActorsAnnex CIraq’s
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decision and issued a presidential
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• The NSC Auditing Division sent
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Annex DIraq Economic Data (1989-200
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Figure 8. Sectoralcomposition of Ir
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Figure 10. Iraq’s Paris Clubcredi
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Balance of Payments/Exchange RatesE
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Figure 16. Exchange rateID/USD.Regi
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Annex EIllicit Earnings Sources and
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account for half a year each, were
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Annex FIraqi Oil SmugglingCaptured
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ISG Translation of an Oil Sale Cont
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truck to the Turkish border. Althou
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Figure 22. Contractbetween the Nati
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Figure 22. Contractbetween the Nati
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Figure 24. Letter from A.J.Khazamip
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Figure 25 . Second letterfrom A.J.
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Figure 27. Contract forpetroleum pr
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Figure 27. Contract forpetroleum pr
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Figure 29. Contractbetween al Basha
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Figure 29. Contractbetween al Basha
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Figure 31. Telex from aFrench bank
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Figure 32. Unipack ofParis contract
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Figure 33. Telex from VitolGeneva t
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Figure 35. Letter dated 30December
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Annex GIraq’s Banking Systemdid n
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Figure 37. Department,department di
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anks for some transactions in the b
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Annex HUN Security Council Resoluti
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• UNSCR 1175 also noted that the
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Annex ISuspected WMD-Related Dual-U
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• An electrophoresis system inclu
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• The MIC initiated direct contac
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Annex JThe Procurement of Conventio
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Possible Breaches of UN Sanctions b
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Letters Dealing With a Planned Visi
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ack to Baghdad without repair. The
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specified that the Iraqi attendees
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• In April 1999, seven Russian en
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• The letter also indicates that
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• In another letter, SARA-M refer
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Possible Belarusian Breaches of UN
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Possible Syrian Breaches of UN Sanc
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• A recovered contract dated 20 F
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9k38 portable air defense systems (
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Annex KSuspected Intermediary andFr
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Atera ManufacturingDaei Internation
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Annex LProcurement AcronymsAcronymA
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IAFIraqi Armed ForcesIDIraqi DinarI
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TPICTTCUAEUAVUDMHUHFUNUNCCUNDPUNESC
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Regime Strategy and WMD Timeline Ev
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