Volume 1 - Iraq Watch

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Regime Strategy and WMD Timeline Events (continued)56BWNov-1990Iraq’s declared start date for Mirage F-1 drop tank CW spray conversion (forBW)57NovemberDS1990MIG-21 Remotely Piloted Vehicle (RPV) Conversion project initiated58 BW Dec-1990 1st flight test of Mirage F-1 CW spray drop tank system (for BW)59 NUC Jan-91 Work on uranium metal casting initiated at Al Athir60 BW Jan-1991 R-400, 400A BW bombs sent to Airstrip 37 and Al ‘Aziziyah firing range61NUC Early 1991Tarmiya EMIS equipment commissioned; Iraq testing a gas centrifuge usingcarbon fiber rotor62After Kuwait invasion, Iraq resumes work on a 50-machine centrifuge cascade,NUC Early 1991as part of a “crash” nuclear program63 DS 12-Jan-91 MIG-21 RPV flight from Al Rashid Air Base64 CBW 15-Jan-91 MIC orders evacuation to safety of all assets & dangerous materials65Mirage F1 droptank deployed to Al ‘Ubaydi with anthrax spores at airfieldBW 15-Jan-91out-station66 BW 15-Jan-91 Iraq deploys 25 BW warheads67 POL 17-Jan-91 Gulf War (Desert Storm) begins68 POL Feb 1991 Sources warn that Iraq will use WMD if territorial integrity threatened69 POL 28-Feb-91 Gulf War ends70 POL March 1991 All but two Iraqi provinces in revolt71Iraq uses CS and nerve agent-filled bombs on Shi’a in Najaf and KarbalaPOL March 1991(nerve bombs fail to operate)72 DS April 1991 MIG-21 RPV Program discontinued post Desert Storm73 NUC Early 1991 Qusay, Husayn Kamil order nuclear documents and equipment hidden74 BW 01-Apr-91 Single-Cell Protein (SCP) and Bio-pesticide (BT) decided as cover for Hakam75 POL 03-Apr-91 UNSCR 687 demands disarmament and compensation fund financed by Iraq76 NUC April 1991 Centrifuge development ceases after UNSCR 68777Mid AprilPOLRegime begins denial and deception program199178 POL April 1991 Husayn Kamil orders retention of 85 SCUD missiles79Husayn Kamil orders elimination of evidence of offensive BW program, butPOL April 1991BW weapons remain in situ at deployment sites80 POL 18-Apr-91 Iraq responds to UNSCR 687 with incomplete WMD declaration81 BW 18-Apr-91 Iraq letter to UN Secretary General (UNSG) denies BW program8283NUCNUC27-Apr-91Late May1991Iraq declares safeguarded material and Al Qaim yellowcake production toUN/IAEAPC-3 sites ordered to hand over materials, equipment and documents to theSecurity Apparatus for the Protection of Military Industrialization Establishments(SAP) prior to inspections to avoid detectionRegime Strategy and WMD Timeline Events3
Regime Strategy and WMD Timeline Events (continued)84POL June 1991Husayn Kamil orders retention of WMD know-how documentation and smallamounts of key WMD materiel85UNSCOM starts weapons inspections; first CW inspection at MSECW 09-Jun-91(U-2, CW-1)86 POL 30-Jun-91 Iraqi High Level Committee formed to address retention of proscribed materiel87 POL 1991 Saddam states: “Sanctions will last no more than 3 years”88 DS July 1991 Husayn Kamil orders retention of 2 missiles and some missile parts899091POL July 1991DSNUC06-Jul-9107-Jul-91Special Republican Guard (SRG) officers receive orders from Qusay to move/conceal MIC materialsIraq completes destruction of declared SCUD-type missiles under UNSCOMsupervisionIAEA seizure of EMIS components prompts Iraqi admission of large EMISprogram92Husayn Kamil tells ‘Abd Hamid Mahmoud it is unnecessary to declare BWPOL 1991programs and will order scientists to hide evidence at home93 DS July 1991 Unilateral missile destruction94Unexpectedly robust UN inspections lead Iraq to start unilateral destruction, asPOL July 1991later claimed by regime95 NUC by 1991 Iraq receives nine flow-forming machines from Germany96CBWMid July1991CW and all BW munitions unilaterally destroyed, according to subsequentIraqi claims97Committee of Special Duties forms under Husayn Kamil or Qusay to covertlyPOL Summer 1991obstruct UN inspections98 BW 02-Aug-91 First UNSCOM BW inspection begins at Al Salman (U-7, BW-1)99UNSCR 707 demands Full, Final and Complete Declaration (FFCD) asPOL 15-Aug-91required by UNSCR 687100 PROC Sept 1991 Iraq-Jordan Trade Protocol renegotiated and then reviewed annually101UNSCOM begins destruction of declared CW and agent; continues until JulyPOL Sept 19911994102 NUC Late 1991 IAEA seizure of documents leads to Iraqi admission of Al Athir existence103104105106BWPROCPOLBWSept or Oct199101-Sep-9111-Oct-91November1991Destruction of bulk agents at Al Hakam (reported to UN in 1995)MIC forms Al Basha’ir front company to obtain items for Ministry of Defense(MoD), IAECUNSCR 715 calls for unconditional acceptance of inspectors and ongoingmonitoring/verificationDecision to dissolve Technical Research Center (TRC): implemented over thefollowing year107 DS Dec 1991 Unilateral destruction of remaining 2 missiles completed108Husayn Kamil appointed Supervising Minister, responsible for MIC, Oil, MIM,POL Feb 1992& head of Economic Committee4
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Comprehensive Reportof the Special
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versus another. They deserve at lea
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In Saddam’s view, Iraq was the na
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UNSCOM gave a sufficiently positive
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The Regime, drawing on the experien
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December 1998. The United States an
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The new Iraq could benefit from the
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and the Baath party. This is a volu
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have been important, though they ha
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Regime StrategicIntentRegime Strate
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ContentsKey Findings...............
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AnnexesA. The Quartet—Influence a
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Key FindingsSaddam Husayn so domina
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Former Iraqi Regime Officials Varie
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Who Made Iraq’s StrategicDecision
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• Tariq ‘Aziz described the req
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• Instead, voluminous files were
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secure Saddam’s support for odd o
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Saddam’s Use of Execution—Manag
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solely for civilian use when the re
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directly and continuously to him. H
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How Saddam Saw HisSubordinatesMinin
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Saddam’s PsychologyHow Saddam Saw
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to consist of was hazy. His drive t
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Iraq’s Use of CW in 1991 Against
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Excerpts from a Closed-Door Meeting
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maker asserted that either country
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Israel“There can never be stabili
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Saddam’s handling of Iraq’s res
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this to the international community
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Regime StrategicIntentNote: Red cel
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Iraq’s Relationship With RussiaTh
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Realizing Saddam’s VeiledWMD Inte
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Selected UN Security Council Resolu
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Husayn KamilBorn in 1955 within the
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ibility with UNSCOM. Iraqi demands
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and the International Atomic Energy
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The Saga of the “Chicken Farm”
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Security Services (continued)The Sp
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VX Warhead Samples & The Iraqi Air
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success—reduced or suspended oil
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Preserving and Restoring WMD Infras
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• The Regime also sought diplomat
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Renewing UN InspectionsIraq allowed
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never part of the military plan cra
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• Former Minister of Defense Sult
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Annex AThe Quartet—Influence and
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Perceptions of Threat and Challenge
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OverviewAnnex BIraq’s Intelligenc
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Regime StrategicIntentThe Scientifi
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M6, Directorate of Internal Securit
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Structure of M14• Special Operati
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M18, Directorate of ResidencyM18 is
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Structure of M40• M40/1 Monitors
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OverviewAnnex CIraq’s Security Se
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The Special SecurityOrganizationSad
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Regime StrategicIntentThe Special S
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Structure of the SSO Security Branc
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The Republican GuardThe Republican
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The Republican Guard Forces Command
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Annex DSaddam’s Personal Involvem
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[Translator Comment: they are in go
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Regime Financeand ProcurementRegime
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ContentsA Word on the Scope of This
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MIC Banking and Financing .........
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A Word on the Scope of This Chapter
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Key FindingsThroughout the 1990s an
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ents. He made all modifications to
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Chapter SummaryThe Illicit Finance
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The Regime TimelineDecline (1991-96
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OverviewDirecting and Budgeting Ira
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Regime Financeand ProcurementFigure
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Iraq’s National Budget 1991-2002A
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OverviewFinancing Iraq’s IllicitP
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including abolishing universal empl
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Behind the scenes, the Iraqi govern
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for what they imported in 1992, pro
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Figure 10. Iraq’s estimated earni
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stated that he believed the Russian
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documents. Ten other Iraqi embassie
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were made to at least two Iraqi fro
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Figure 21. Iraq’s estimated earni
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SOMO Account Balances Outside of Ir
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with an *) shows the total proceeds
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seas accounts in Lebanon and Jordan
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and the overseas banks forwarded ac
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assets in employee-named accounts.
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OverviewExecuting Illicit Procureme
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necessary to accommodate the large
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offices, there was only a single em
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MoD’s Procurement Leadership at t
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Although other Iraqi ministries wer
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From 2000 onwards, the RG’s annua
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The information provided by these t
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its real activity, which was coordi
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• In May 2002, ARMOS was offered
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officer suggested Neptune would be
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• A foreign intelligence service
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MIC Research Support at Universitie
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Figure 51. Sattam HamidFarhan Al-Ga
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Supplying Iraq With ProhibitedCommo
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UNSCOM’s Operation Tea Cup (1995
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• The technology included guidanc
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Embassy to Jordan in Amman. The fir
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Regime Financeand ProcurementThis i
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Since 1991, Iraqi-Turkish trade rev
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cash through private sector trade o
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Chinese Assistance in Iraqi Telecom
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October 2001, Syrian technicians we
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• Yugoslav Federal also supplied
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jammers, night-vision devices, and
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• According to captured documents
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Transportation Routes From North Ko
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Materials, Equipment and Services P
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conflict, President Lukashenko inst
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Many transactions for prohibited go
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Importing ProhibitedCommoditiesDece
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International Commodity Deception:T
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Disguising the Commodity’s Destin
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months to reach Baghdad from Bulgar
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Figure 68. Primary oil smuggling ro
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Annex ATranslations of Iraq’s Bil
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An ISG Translation of the 2003 Iraq
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Benzene for automobiles:If there is
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Secondly: oil derivativesThe Iraqi
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Fifteenth:Based on the Jordanian re
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Figure 1. The Iraq-SyriaTrade Proto
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Figure 2. Iraq-Syria TradeProtocol
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Figure 3. The Iraq-TurkeyTrade Prot
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Annex BKnown Oil Voucher Recipients
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Oil Allocation RecipientList (conti
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Key Budgetary ActorsAnnex CIraq’s
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decision and issued a presidential
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• The NSC Auditing Division sent
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Annex DIraq Economic Data (1989-200
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Figure 8. Sectoralcomposition of Ir
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Figure 10. Iraq’s Paris Clubcredi
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Balance of Payments/Exchange RatesE
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Figure 16. Exchange rateID/USD.Regi
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Annex EIllicit Earnings Sources and
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account for half a year each, were
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Annex FIraqi Oil SmugglingCaptured
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ISG Translation of an Oil Sale Cont
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truck to the Turkish border. Althou
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Figure 22. Contractbetween the Nati
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Figure 22. Contractbetween the Nati
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Figure 24. Letter from A.J.Khazamip
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Figure 25 . Second letterfrom A.J.
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Figure 27. Contract forpetroleum pr
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Figure 27. Contract forpetroleum pr
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Figure 29. Contractbetween al Basha
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Figure 29. Contractbetween al Basha
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Figure 31. Telex from aFrench bank
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Figure 32. Unipack ofParis contract
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Figure 33. Telex from VitolGeneva t
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Figure 35. Letter dated 30December
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Annex GIraq’s Banking Systemdid n
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Page 394 and 395: • UNSCR 1175 also noted that the
Page 396 and 397: Annex ISuspected WMD-Related Dual-U
Page 398 and 399: • An electrophoresis system inclu
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Page 402 and 403: Annex JThe Procurement of Conventio
Page 404 and 405: Possible Breaches of UN Sanctions b
Page 406 and 407: Letters Dealing With a Planned Visi
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Page 414 and 415: • The letter also indicates that
Page 416 and 417: • In another letter, SARA-M refer
Page 418 and 419: Possible Belarusian Breaches of UN
Page 420 and 421: Possible Syrian Breaches of UN Sanc
Page 422 and 423: • A recovered contract dated 20 F
Page 424 and 425: 9k38 portable air defense systems (
Page 426 and 427: Annex KSuspected Intermediary andFr
Page 428 and 429: Atera ManufacturingDaei Internation
Page 430 and 431: Annex LProcurement AcronymsAcronymA
Page 432 and 433: IAFIraqi Armed ForcesIDIraqi DinarI
Page 434: TPICTTCUAEUAVUDMHUHFUNUNCCUNDPUNESC
Page 437: Regime Strategy and WMD Timeline Ev
Page 441 and 442: Regime Strategy and WMD Timeline Ev
Page 449: Regime Strategy and WMD Timeline Ev
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