Volume 1 - Iraq Watch

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Supplying Iraq With ProhibitedCommoditiesProcurement Suppliers During the Decline Phase,1991 to 1996OverviewDespite UN sanctions, many countries and companiesengaged in prohibited procurement with theIraqi regime throughout the 1990s, largely becauseof the profitability of such trade.• Private companies from Jordan, India, France, Italy,Romania, and Turkey seem to have engaged in possibleWMD-related trade with Iraq.• The Governments of Syria, Belarus, North Korea,former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Yemen, andpossibly Russia directly supported or endorsed privatecompany efforts to aid Iraq with conventionalarms procurement, in breach of UN sanctions.• In addition, companies based out of the following14 countries supported Iraq’s conventional armsprocurement programs: Jordan, the People’s Republicof China, India, South Korea, Bulgaria, Ukraine,Cyprus, Egypt, Lebanon, Georgia, France, Poland,Romania, and Taiwan.ISG has identified entities from three countries thatbegan supporting Iraq with illicit procurement duringthe post-Gulf war “decline” phase in the Regime:Romania, Ukraine, and Jordan. Romania and Ukrainehad just emerged from the Soviet bloc with an excessof military hardware and expertise and a need forhard currency. Jordan, which profited primarily fromallowing transshipment, argued that Iraq was a majortrading partner before 1991 and trade with Iraq was anecessity.RomaniaAccording to a high-level official of the former Iraqiregime, trade between Iraq and Romania flourishedduring the Ceauscescu era (1965 to 989). The IIS hadan active presence in Romania throughout this periodand MIC engineers were active in procurement programsdirected from the Iraqi Embassy in Bucharest.• In the mid-1990s, reporting indicated that the IraqiMFA and MIC were both interested in changes toRomanian export controls over nuclear, biological,and chemical weapons and their associated technologies.Regime Financeand Procurement• The number of countries and companies supportingSaddam’s schemes to undermine UN sanctionsincreased dramatically over time from 1995 to 2003(see figure 54).• A few neighboring countries such as Jordan, Syria,Turkey, Egypt, and Yemen, entered into bilateraltrade agreements with Iraq. These agreements providedan avenue for increasing trade coordinationand eventually led to sanctions violations.The countries supporting Iraq’s illicit procurementchanged over time. These changes reflected trendsbased on Saddam Husayn’s ability to generate hardcurrency to buy items and the willingness of theinternational community to criticize those countriesselling prohibited goods to the Regime. The followingsections addressing each country have been groupedaccording to when evidence indicates they began supportingSaddam’s illicit procurement programs.According to documents identified by UNSCOMin Operation Tea Cup, Iraq reestablished a procurementrelationship with the Romanian firm Aerofina inFebruary 1994. The Iraqis and Romanians conductedtwo to three delegation visits between Bucharest andBaghdad to discuss sending Romanian missile expertsto Iraq to assist with design and guidance controlproblems in the Al Fat’h missile, later called the alSamud, and to obtain missile parts and related rawmaterials.• By August 1994, several procurement contracts hadreportedly been signed.• In November 1995, the Iraqi’s sent a letter toAerofina requesting that the missile repair part shipmentsbe temporarily stopped due to concerns overthe quality of the goods.93
2003 refl ects only January to March. Transactions include negotiations,agreements, contracts, or deliveries of goods.Figure 54. Top 12 sources of WMD and arms-relatedprocurement transactions with Iraq.94
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Comprehensive Reportof the Special
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versus another. They deserve at lea
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In Saddam’s view, Iraq was the na
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UNSCOM gave a sufficiently positive
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The Regime, drawing on the experien
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December 1998. The United States an
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The new Iraq could benefit from the
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and the Baath party. This is a volu
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have been important, though they ha
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Regime StrategicIntentRegime Strate
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ContentsKey Findings...............
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AnnexesA. The Quartet—Influence a
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Key FindingsSaddam Husayn so domina
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Former Iraqi Regime Officials Varie
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Who Made Iraq’s StrategicDecision
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• Tariq ‘Aziz described the req
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• Instead, voluminous files were
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secure Saddam’s support for odd o
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Saddam’s Use of Execution—Manag
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solely for civilian use when the re
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directly and continuously to him. H
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How Saddam Saw HisSubordinatesMinin
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Saddam’s PsychologyHow Saddam Saw
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to consist of was hazy. His drive t
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Iraq’s Use of CW in 1991 Against
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Excerpts from a Closed-Door Meeting
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maker asserted that either country
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Israel“There can never be stabili
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Saddam’s handling of Iraq’s res
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this to the international community
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Regime StrategicIntentNote: Red cel
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Iraq’s Relationship With RussiaTh
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Realizing Saddam’s VeiledWMD Inte
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Selected UN Security Council Resolu
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Husayn KamilBorn in 1955 within the
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ibility with UNSCOM. Iraqi demands
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and the International Atomic Energy
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The Saga of the “Chicken Farm”
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Security Services (continued)The Sp
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VX Warhead Samples & The Iraqi Air
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success—reduced or suspended oil
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Preserving and Restoring WMD Infras
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• The Regime also sought diplomat
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Renewing UN InspectionsIraq allowed
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never part of the military plan cra
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• Former Minister of Defense Sult
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Annex AThe Quartet—Influence and
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Perceptions of Threat and Challenge
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OverviewAnnex BIraq’s Intelligenc
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Regime StrategicIntentThe Scientifi
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M6, Directorate of Internal Securit
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Structure of M14• Special Operati
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M18, Directorate of ResidencyM18 is
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Structure of M40• M40/1 Monitors
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OverviewAnnex CIraq’s Security Se
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The Special SecurityOrganizationSad
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Regime StrategicIntentThe Special S
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Structure of the SSO Security Branc
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The Republican GuardThe Republican
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The Republican Guard Forces Command
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Annex DSaddam’s Personal Involvem
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[Translator Comment: they are in go
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Regime Financeand ProcurementRegime
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ContentsA Word on the Scope of This
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MIC Banking and Financing .........
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A Word on the Scope of This Chapter
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Key FindingsThroughout the 1990s an
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ents. He made all modifications to
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Chapter SummaryThe Illicit Finance
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The Regime TimelineDecline (1991-96
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OverviewDirecting and Budgeting Ira
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Regime Financeand ProcurementFigure
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Iraq’s National Budget 1991-2002A
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OverviewFinancing Iraq’s IllicitP
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including abolishing universal empl
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Behind the scenes, the Iraqi govern
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for what they imported in 1992, pro
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Figure 10. Iraq’s estimated earni
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stated that he believed the Russian
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documents. Ten other Iraqi embassie
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were made to at least two Iraqi fro
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Figure 21. Iraq’s estimated earni
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SOMO Account Balances Outside of Ir
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Page 188 and 189: OverviewExecuting Illicit Procureme
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Page 198 and 199: Although other Iraqi ministries wer
Page 200 and 201: From 2000 onwards, the RG’s annua
Page 204 and 205: The information provided by these t
Page 208 and 209: its real activity, which was coordi
Page 212 and 213: • In May 2002, ARMOS was offered
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Page 218 and 219: • A foreign intelligence service
Page 220 and 221: MIC Research Support at Universitie
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Page 240 and 241: Since 1991, Iraqi-Turkish trade rev
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Page 246 and 247: October 2001, Syrian technicians we
Page 248 and 249: • Yugoslav Federal also supplied
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Page 254 and 255: • According to captured documents
Page 256 and 257: Transportation Routes From North Ko
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Page 264 and 265: conflict, President Lukashenko inst
Page 266 and 267: Many transactions for prohibited go
Page 268 and 269: Importing ProhibitedCommoditiesDece
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Page 272 and 273: Disguising the Commodity’s Destin
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Figure 68. Primary oil smuggling ro
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Annex ATranslations of Iraq’s Bil
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An ISG Translation of the 2003 Iraq
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Benzene for automobiles:If there is
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Secondly: oil derivativesThe Iraqi
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Fifteenth:Based on the Jordanian re
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Figure 1. The Iraq-SyriaTrade Proto
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Figure 2. Iraq-Syria TradeProtocol
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Figure 3. The Iraq-TurkeyTrade Prot
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Annex BKnown Oil Voucher Recipients
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Oil Allocation RecipientList (conti
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Key Budgetary ActorsAnnex CIraq’s
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decision and issued a presidential
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• The NSC Auditing Division sent
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Annex DIraq Economic Data (1989-200
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Figure 8. Sectoralcomposition of Ir
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Figure 10. Iraq’s Paris Clubcredi
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Balance of Payments/Exchange RatesE
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Figure 16. Exchange rateID/USD.Regi
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Annex EIllicit Earnings Sources and
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account for half a year each, were
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Annex FIraqi Oil SmugglingCaptured
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ISG Translation of an Oil Sale Cont
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truck to the Turkish border. Althou
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Figure 22. Contractbetween the Nati
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Figure 22. Contractbetween the Nati
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Figure 24. Letter from A.J.Khazamip
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Figure 25 . Second letterfrom A.J.
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Figure 27. Contract forpetroleum pr
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Figure 27. Contract forpetroleum pr
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Figure 29. Contractbetween al Basha
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Figure 29. Contractbetween al Basha
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Figure 31. Telex from aFrench bank
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Figure 32. Unipack ofParis contract
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Figure 33. Telex from VitolGeneva t
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Figure 35. Letter dated 30December
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Annex GIraq’s Banking Systemdid n
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Figure 37. Department,department di
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anks for some transactions in the b
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Annex HUN Security Council Resoluti
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• UNSCR 1175 also noted that the
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Annex ISuspected WMD-Related Dual-U
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• An electrophoresis system inclu
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• The MIC initiated direct contac
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Annex JThe Procurement of Conventio
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Possible Breaches of UN Sanctions b
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Letters Dealing With a Planned Visi
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ack to Baghdad without repair. The
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specified that the Iraqi attendees
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• In April 1999, seven Russian en
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• The letter also indicates that
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• In another letter, SARA-M refer
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Possible Belarusian Breaches of UN
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Possible Syrian Breaches of UN Sanc
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• A recovered contract dated 20 F
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9k38 portable air defense systems (
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Annex KSuspected Intermediary andFr
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Atera ManufacturingDaei Internation
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Annex LProcurement AcronymsAcronymA
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IAFIraqi Armed ForcesIDIraqi DinarI
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TPICTTCUAEUAVUDMHUHFUNUNCCUNDPUNESC
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Regime Strategy and WMD Timeline Ev
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