Volume 1 - Iraq Watch

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Regime Financeand ProcurementFigure 56. A recovered document signed by Semenov(tied to MontElect in Figure 55) discussing the SyrianProtocol with ARMOS in August 2002.99
• ARMOS specialized in bringing both Russian andUkrainian experts into Iraq and represented Russiaand Ukraine during business transactions, mainlyfor the financing of military goods transactions (Seethe MIC Front Company section for further detailson ARMOS).• Documents indicate that ARMOS and MontElectwere involved in offers of military equipment forAl-Karamah in January 2003. Signatures on therecovered documents implicate ARMOS, Al-Karamah,Sa’ad General Company, the Trade Office ofthe MIC, and Dr. Sergey Semenov of MontElect.The documents also revealed the use of Syriantransportation companies and use of the Iraqi-Syrian Protocol to facilitate the transaction. Iraqmade two payments of $405,000 for the equipment.JordanJordanian companies performed a variety of essentialroles from 1991 through 1999 that aided and abettedIraq’s procurement mechanism: transportation hub,financial haven, one of several illicit revenue sources,and overall illicit trade facilitator (see the TradeProtocol section). Firms from Jordan facilitated thetransshipment of prohibited military equipment andmaterials to the Iraqi Regime. Iraqi front companiesconducted the vast majority of this illicit trade. Thistrade included the following:• Captured documents reveal that a company calledMechanical Engineers and Contractors shippedmissile parts to Iraq. Payment was made throughthe Jordan Investment and Finance Bank accordingto the guidelines established by the Iraq-JordanTrade Protocol.• A high-level former Iraqi government official statedthat during 2002, compressors used in nitric acidproduction and Russian missile control systemsdestined for MIC front companies were shippedthrough Jordan.• A $50 million contract was signed for the IraqiElectricity Commission in 2002, for the purchase ofRussian-made cables designed to withstand explosions.Multiple sources indicate that the former IraqiRegime also received offers from Jordanian companiesfor items such as global positioning system(GPS) equipment, metrological balloons, gyroscopes,video gun sights, electronic countermeasures equipment,and communications equipment.• In February 2003, Iraq’s Abu Dhabi Companysought to purchase a large quantity of field telephonesand some frequency hopping radios fromJordan.• In February 2003, Iraq’s Orckid General TradingCompany sought details of solid-state gyroscopesavailable through a Jordanian company. High performancegyroscopes can be used in UAVs, avionicsand platform stabilization.• The Iraqi firm Al-Rabaya for Trading in Baghdadcontracted with a Jordanian firm, for US manufacturedGPS equipment. The parties of the contractwere identified as Munir Mamduh Awad al-Qubaysi, Managing Director or Iraq’s Al-Basha’irTrading Company, and Dr. Sa’di ‘Abass Khadir,Director General of the Al-Milad General Company,companies run by the MIC.The Al-Eman Investment Group employed many privatesubsidiaries to procure goods through Jordanfor Iraq. An Iraqi businessman with direct access tothe information affirmed that both the UN OFF programand the trade Protocol were used as mechanismsfor conducting illicit trade. Al-Eman’s Vice President,Karim Salih, also acquired Al-Samud missile engineparts for the MIC.• Iraqi businessmen stated that the Al-Eman Establishmentconducted business with many Iraqi ministriesand was a critical component of the Iraqi illicitprocurement apparatus.• According to an Iraqi businessman with extensiveRegime contacts, a Jordanian company, with officesin Amman and Baghdad, delivered engine sparesfor turboprop trainer aircraft owned by the Iraqimilitary. This Middle Eastern firm also dealt withthe Iraqi Ministry of Information and the MoT, andhad extensive contacts with the Iraqi CA in the Iraqi100
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Comprehensive Reportof the Special
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versus another. They deserve at lea
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In Saddam’s view, Iraq was the na
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UNSCOM gave a sufficiently positive
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The Regime, drawing on the experien
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December 1998. The United States an
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The new Iraq could benefit from the
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and the Baath party. This is a volu
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have been important, though they ha
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Regime StrategicIntentRegime Strate
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ContentsKey Findings...............
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AnnexesA. The Quartet—Influence a
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Key FindingsSaddam Husayn so domina
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Former Iraqi Regime Officials Varie
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Who Made Iraq’s StrategicDecision
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• Tariq ‘Aziz described the req
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• Instead, voluminous files were
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secure Saddam’s support for odd o
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Saddam’s Use of Execution—Manag
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solely for civilian use when the re
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directly and continuously to him. H
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How Saddam Saw HisSubordinatesMinin
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Saddam’s PsychologyHow Saddam Saw
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to consist of was hazy. His drive t
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Iraq’s Use of CW in 1991 Against
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Excerpts from a Closed-Door Meeting
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maker asserted that either country
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Israel“There can never be stabili
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Saddam’s handling of Iraq’s res
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this to the international community
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Regime StrategicIntentNote: Red cel
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Iraq’s Relationship With RussiaTh
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Realizing Saddam’s VeiledWMD Inte
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Selected UN Security Council Resolu
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Husayn KamilBorn in 1955 within the
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ibility with UNSCOM. Iraqi demands
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and the International Atomic Energy
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The Saga of the “Chicken Farm”
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Security Services (continued)The Sp
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VX Warhead Samples & The Iraqi Air
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success—reduced or suspended oil
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Preserving and Restoring WMD Infras
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• The Regime also sought diplomat
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Renewing UN InspectionsIraq allowed
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never part of the military plan cra
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• Former Minister of Defense Sult
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Annex AThe Quartet—Influence and
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Perceptions of Threat and Challenge
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OverviewAnnex BIraq’s Intelligenc
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Regime StrategicIntentThe Scientifi
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M6, Directorate of Internal Securit
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Structure of M14• Special Operati
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M18, Directorate of ResidencyM18 is
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Structure of M40• M40/1 Monitors
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OverviewAnnex CIraq’s Security Se
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The Special SecurityOrganizationSad
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Regime StrategicIntentThe Special S
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Structure of the SSO Security Branc
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The Republican GuardThe Republican
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The Republican Guard Forces Command
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Annex DSaddam’s Personal Involvem
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[Translator Comment: they are in go
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Regime Financeand ProcurementRegime
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ContentsA Word on the Scope of This
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MIC Banking and Financing .........
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A Word on the Scope of This Chapter
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Key FindingsThroughout the 1990s an
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ents. He made all modifications to
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Chapter SummaryThe Illicit Finance
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The Regime TimelineDecline (1991-96
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OverviewDirecting and Budgeting Ira
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Regime Financeand ProcurementFigure
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Iraq’s National Budget 1991-2002A
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OverviewFinancing Iraq’s IllicitP
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including abolishing universal empl
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Behind the scenes, the Iraqi govern
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for what they imported in 1992, pro
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Figure 10. Iraq’s estimated earni
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stated that he believed the Russian
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documents. Ten other Iraqi embassie
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were made to at least two Iraqi fro
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Figure 21. Iraq’s estimated earni
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SOMO Account Balances Outside of Ir
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with an *) shows the total proceeds
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seas accounts in Lebanon and Jordan
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Page 188 and 189: OverviewExecuting Illicit Procureme
Page 190 and 191: necessary to accommodate the large
Page 192 and 193: Regime Financeand ProcurementFigure
Page 194 and 195: offices, there was only a single em
Page 196 and 197: MoD’s Procurement Leadership at t
Page 198 and 199: Although other Iraqi ministries wer
Page 200 and 201: From 2000 onwards, the RG’s annua
Page 204 and 205: The information provided by these t
Page 208 and 209: its real activity, which was coordi
Page 212 and 213: • In May 2002, ARMOS was offered
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Page 218 and 219: • A foreign intelligence service
Page 220 and 221: MIC Research Support at Universitie
Page 224 and 225: Figure 51. Sattam HamidFarhan Al-Ga
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Page 230 and 231: UNSCOM’s Operation Tea Cup (1995
Page 232 and 233: • The technology included guidanc
Page 236 and 237: Embassy to Jordan in Amman. The fir
Page 238 and 239: Regime Financeand ProcurementThis i
Page 240 and 241: Since 1991, Iraqi-Turkish trade rev
Page 242 and 243: cash through private sector trade o
Page 244 and 245: Chinese Assistance in Iraqi Telecom
Page 246 and 247: October 2001, Syrian technicians we
Page 248 and 249: • Yugoslav Federal also supplied
Page 252 and 253: jammers, night-vision devices, and
Page 254 and 255: • According to captured documents
Page 256 and 257: Transportation Routes From North Ko
Page 262 and 263: Materials, Equipment and Services P
Page 264 and 265: conflict, President Lukashenko inst
Page 266 and 267: Many transactions for prohibited go
Page 268 and 269: Importing ProhibitedCommoditiesDece
Page 270 and 271: International Commodity Deception:T
Page 272 and 273: Disguising the Commodity’s Destin
Page 274 and 275: months to reach Baghdad from Bulgar
Page 278 and 279: Figure 68. Primary oil smuggling ro
Page 280 and 281: Annex ATranslations of Iraq’s Bil
Page 282 and 283: An ISG Translation of the 2003 Iraq
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Benzene for automobiles:If there is
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Secondly: oil derivativesThe Iraqi
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Fifteenth:Based on the Jordanian re
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Figure 1. The Iraq-SyriaTrade Proto
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Figure 2. Iraq-Syria TradeProtocol
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Figure 3. The Iraq-TurkeyTrade Prot
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Annex BKnown Oil Voucher Recipients
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Oil Allocation RecipientList (conti
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Key Budgetary ActorsAnnex CIraq’s
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decision and issued a presidential
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• The NSC Auditing Division sent
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Annex DIraq Economic Data (1989-200
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Figure 8. Sectoralcomposition of Ir
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Figure 10. Iraq’s Paris Clubcredi
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Balance of Payments/Exchange RatesE
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Figure 16. Exchange rateID/USD.Regi
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Annex EIllicit Earnings Sources and
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account for half a year each, were
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Annex FIraqi Oil SmugglingCaptured
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ISG Translation of an Oil Sale Cont
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truck to the Turkish border. Althou
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Figure 22. Contractbetween the Nati
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Figure 22. Contractbetween the Nati
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Figure 24. Letter from A.J.Khazamip
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Figure 25 . Second letterfrom A.J.
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Figure 27. Contract forpetroleum pr
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Figure 27. Contract forpetroleum pr
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Figure 29. Contractbetween al Basha
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Figure 29. Contractbetween al Basha
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Figure 31. Telex from aFrench bank
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Figure 32. Unipack ofParis contract
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Figure 33. Telex from VitolGeneva t
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Figure 35. Letter dated 30December
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Annex GIraq’s Banking Systemdid n
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Figure 37. Department,department di
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anks for some transactions in the b
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Annex HUN Security Council Resoluti
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• UNSCR 1175 also noted that the
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Annex ISuspected WMD-Related Dual-U
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• An electrophoresis system inclu
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• The MIC initiated direct contac
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Annex JThe Procurement of Conventio
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Possible Breaches of UN Sanctions b
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Letters Dealing With a Planned Visi
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ack to Baghdad without repair. The
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specified that the Iraqi attendees
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• In April 1999, seven Russian en
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• The letter also indicates that
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• In another letter, SARA-M refer
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Possible Belarusian Breaches of UN
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Possible Syrian Breaches of UN Sanc
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• A recovered contract dated 20 F
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9k38 portable air defense systems (
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Annex KSuspected Intermediary andFr
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Atera ManufacturingDaei Internation
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Annex LProcurement AcronymsAcronymA
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IAFIraqi Armed ForcesIDIraqi DinarI
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TPICTTCUAEUAVUDMHUHFUNUNCCUNDPUNESC
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Regime Strategy and WMD Timeline Ev
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