Volume 1 - Iraq Watch

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offices, there was only a single employee, but theoffice in Jordan ultimately employed four individuals,headed by a Commercial Counselor and includeda CA and a dedicated accountant. According to aformer high-ranking Iraqi Government official, theseindividuals were managed and paid for by the MoT,but reportedly acted independently and were notrequired to report back to the MoT.CAs worked from Iraq’s embassies abroad and servedas special trade ambassadors working in Iraq’s interest.Common roles for CAs included:• Working in the Iraqi Embassy to register foreigncompanies for trade with Iraq.• Supporting documentation shows that this was forBMP-2 IFV 30-mm cannon barrel-manufacturingtechnology from the Former Federal Republic ofYugoslavia (FRY).• There is no indication, however, from the documentationthat the CA staff was aware of the exactnature of the contract.• In the late 1990s the importance of the CA’s officein Jordan declined. A year before OIF, the MICremoved cash from the CA’s office in Jordanbecause of weak activity, and appointed a militaryrepresentative to represent its interests.Regime Financeand Procurement• Checking to see whether foreign companies shouldbe blacklisted for dealings with Israel.• Facilitating trade with foreign suppliers.• According to reporting, some IIS officers workedunder cover as CA. ISG assesses that it is possiblethe MoT was not aware of this IIS presence in itsranks.• According to Al Salih, CA in the trade protocolstates (Jordan, Syria, and Turkey) were aware of thebank accounts used to transfer protocol cash profits(30 to 40 percent of all contracts) into Iraq.• CAs in Jordan, and to a lesser extent, Syria andTurkey, also followed up on all Iraqi Governmentfinancial transactions from the trade Protocols.In the mid-1990s, the Jordan desk was the mostimportant CA for Iraq. The Amman CommercialCounselor and his deputy were responsible forfacilitating all UN OFF contracts, the trade protocolbusiness (the Syria and Turkey protocols did notexist until after 1999), and any additional privatetrade from the military and security service entities.Facilitating these contracts focused on opening lettersof credit in Jordanian banks and following up withpayment when receipt of the goods was confirmedin Baghdad. The CA accountant followed contractimplementation, tax collection, and tracked any fees.• As an example, captured documentation details thatindividuals at the CA’s office in Amman opened lettersof credit for the payment of $2.275 million to aLebanese company in 2000.According to the former Minister of Trade, the MIC,and SOMO arranged contracts with Syria directlythrough the CA in Syria and the Commercial Bankin Syria. It is more likely, however, that the CA inSyria had a less active role with MIC and SOMO,particularly in the payments process, because businessin Syria was conducted through payment on supplyrather than letters of credit.• Supporting intelligence shows in one case thatSOMO authorized the 5th Syrian Commercial Bankin Damascus to transfer funds directly to a Syrianmiddleman working for the Syrian-based SES withno mention of the CA.• In May 2002 Iraq’s Al-Basha’ir Trading Companyinstructed the Syrian firm where and how to distributefunds received from Iraq’s Oil Ministry (probablyon behalf of Iraqi military).As with the Syrian Protocol, the January 2000 TurkishProtocol operated on a payment on supply basis, andtherefore probably did not involve the CA in Turkey.59
Jordanian Case StudyCommercial attaches worked on behalf of the MIC tomake purchases and transfer money for payment inforeign countries. The timeline in Figure 36 shows theevents related to a purchase of and payment transferfor materials from Jordan, according to translateddocuments.Figure 36. Timeline to support Jordan CA case study.60
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Comprehensive Reportof the Special
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versus another. They deserve at lea
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In Saddam’s view, Iraq was the na
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UNSCOM gave a sufficiently positive
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The Regime, drawing on the experien
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December 1998. The United States an
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The new Iraq could benefit from the
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and the Baath party. This is a volu
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have been important, though they ha
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Regime StrategicIntentRegime Strate
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ContentsKey Findings...............
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AnnexesA. The Quartet—Influence a
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Key FindingsSaddam Husayn so domina
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Former Iraqi Regime Officials Varie
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Who Made Iraq’s StrategicDecision
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• Tariq ‘Aziz described the req
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• Instead, voluminous files were
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secure Saddam’s support for odd o
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Saddam’s Use of Execution—Manag
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solely for civilian use when the re
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directly and continuously to him. H
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How Saddam Saw HisSubordinatesMinin
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Saddam’s PsychologyHow Saddam Saw
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to consist of was hazy. His drive t
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Iraq’s Use of CW in 1991 Against
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Excerpts from a Closed-Door Meeting
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maker asserted that either country
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Israel“There can never be stabili
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Saddam’s handling of Iraq’s res
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this to the international community
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Regime StrategicIntentNote: Red cel
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Iraq’s Relationship With RussiaTh
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Realizing Saddam’s VeiledWMD Inte
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Selected UN Security Council Resolu
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Husayn KamilBorn in 1955 within the
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ibility with UNSCOM. Iraqi demands
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and the International Atomic Energy
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The Saga of the “Chicken Farm”
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Security Services (continued)The Sp
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VX Warhead Samples & The Iraqi Air
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success—reduced or suspended oil
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Preserving and Restoring WMD Infras
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• The Regime also sought diplomat
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Renewing UN InspectionsIraq allowed
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never part of the military plan cra
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• Former Minister of Defense Sult
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Annex AThe Quartet—Influence and
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Perceptions of Threat and Challenge
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OverviewAnnex BIraq’s Intelligenc
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Regime StrategicIntentThe Scientifi
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M6, Directorate of Internal Securit
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Structure of M14• Special Operati
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M18, Directorate of ResidencyM18 is
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Structure of M40• M40/1 Monitors
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OverviewAnnex CIraq’s Security Se
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The Special SecurityOrganizationSad
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Regime StrategicIntentThe Special S
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Structure of the SSO Security Branc
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The Republican GuardThe Republican
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The Republican Guard Forces Command
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Annex DSaddam’s Personal Involvem
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[Translator Comment: they are in go
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Regime Financeand ProcurementRegime
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ContentsA Word on the Scope of This
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MIC Banking and Financing .........
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A Word on the Scope of This Chapter
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Key FindingsThroughout the 1990s an
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ents. He made all modifications to
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Chapter SummaryThe Illicit Finance
Page 144 and 145: The Regime TimelineDecline (1991-96
Page 146 and 147: OverviewDirecting and Budgeting Ira
Page 148 and 149: Regime Financeand ProcurementFigure
Page 150 and 151: Iraq’s National Budget 1991-2002A
Page 154 and 155: OverviewFinancing Iraq’s IllicitP
Page 156 and 157: including abolishing universal empl
Page 158 and 159: Behind the scenes, the Iraqi govern
Page 160 and 161: for what they imported in 1992, pro
Page 162 and 163: Figure 10. Iraq’s estimated earni
Page 168 and 169: stated that he believed the Russian
Page 170 and 171: documents. Ten other Iraqi embassie
Page 172 and 173: were made to at least two Iraqi fro
Page 174 and 175: Figure 21. Iraq’s estimated earni
Page 176 and 177: SOMO Account Balances Outside of Ir
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Page 182 and 183: seas accounts in Lebanon and Jordan
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Page 186 and 187: assets in employee-named accounts.
Page 188 and 189: OverviewExecuting Illicit Procureme
Page 190 and 191: necessary to accommodate the large
Page 196 and 197: MoD’s Procurement Leadership at t
Page 198 and 199: Although other Iraqi ministries wer
Page 200 and 201: From 2000 onwards, the RG’s annua
Page 204 and 205: The information provided by these t
Page 208 and 209: its real activity, which was coordi
Page 212 and 213: • In May 2002, ARMOS was offered
Page 214 and 215: officer suggested Neptune would be
Page 218 and 219: • A foreign intelligence service
Page 220 and 221: MIC Research Support at Universitie
Page 224 and 225: Figure 51. Sattam HamidFarhan Al-Ga
Page 228 and 229: Supplying Iraq With ProhibitedCommo
Page 230 and 231: UNSCOM’s Operation Tea Cup (1995
Page 232 and 233: • The technology included guidanc
Page 236 and 237: Embassy to Jordan in Amman. The fir
Page 238 and 239: Regime Financeand ProcurementThis i
Page 240 and 241: Since 1991, Iraqi-Turkish trade rev
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Chinese Assistance in Iraqi Telecom
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October 2001, Syrian technicians we
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• Yugoslav Federal also supplied
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Regime Financeand ProcurementFigure
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jammers, night-vision devices, and
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• According to captured documents
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Transportation Routes From North Ko
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Materials, Equipment and Services P
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conflict, President Lukashenko inst
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Many transactions for prohibited go
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Importing ProhibitedCommoditiesDece
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International Commodity Deception:T
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Disguising the Commodity’s Destin
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months to reach Baghdad from Bulgar
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Figure 68. Primary oil smuggling ro
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Annex ATranslations of Iraq’s Bil
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An ISG Translation of the 2003 Iraq
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Benzene for automobiles:If there is
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Secondly: oil derivativesThe Iraqi
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Fifteenth:Based on the Jordanian re
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Figure 1. The Iraq-SyriaTrade Proto
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Figure 2. Iraq-Syria TradeProtocol
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Figure 3. The Iraq-TurkeyTrade Prot
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Annex BKnown Oil Voucher Recipients
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Oil Allocation RecipientList (conti
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Key Budgetary ActorsAnnex CIraq’s
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decision and issued a presidential
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• The NSC Auditing Division sent
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Annex DIraq Economic Data (1989-200
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Figure 8. Sectoralcomposition of Ir
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Figure 10. Iraq’s Paris Clubcredi
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Balance of Payments/Exchange RatesE
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Figure 16. Exchange rateID/USD.Regi
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Annex EIllicit Earnings Sources and
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account for half a year each, were
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Annex FIraqi Oil SmugglingCaptured
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ISG Translation of an Oil Sale Cont
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truck to the Turkish border. Althou
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Figure 22. Contractbetween the Nati
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Figure 22. Contractbetween the Nati
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Figure 24. Letter from A.J.Khazamip
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Figure 25 . Second letterfrom A.J.
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Figure 27. Contract forpetroleum pr
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Figure 27. Contract forpetroleum pr
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Figure 29. Contractbetween al Basha
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Figure 29. Contractbetween al Basha
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Figure 31. Telex from aFrench bank
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Figure 32. Unipack ofParis contract
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Figure 33. Telex from VitolGeneva t
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Figure 35. Letter dated 30December
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Annex GIraq’s Banking Systemdid n
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Figure 37. Department,department di
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anks for some transactions in the b
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Annex HUN Security Council Resoluti
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• UNSCR 1175 also noted that the
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Annex ISuspected WMD-Related Dual-U
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• An electrophoresis system inclu
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• The MIC initiated direct contac
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Annex JThe Procurement of Conventio
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Possible Breaches of UN Sanctions b
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Letters Dealing With a Planned Visi
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ack to Baghdad without repair. The
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specified that the Iraqi attendees
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• In April 1999, seven Russian en
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• The letter also indicates that
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• In another letter, SARA-M refer
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Possible Belarusian Breaches of UN
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Possible Syrian Breaches of UN Sanc
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• A recovered contract dated 20 F
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9k38 portable air defense systems (
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Annex KSuspected Intermediary andFr
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Atera ManufacturingDaei Internation
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Annex LProcurement AcronymsAcronymA
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IAFIraqi Armed ForcesIDIraqi DinarI
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TPICTTCUAEUAVUDMHUHFUNUNCCUNDPUNESC
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Regime Strategy and WMD Timeline Ev
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