Volume 1 - Iraq Watch

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Regime Strategy and WMD Timeline Events (continued)109110DS Feb 1992BW Early 1992UNSCOM-28 prevented from destroying prohibited missile equipment andfacilitiesIraq begins design, construction of 5 cubic meter fermentors at Hakam (2) andTuwaitha Agricultural and Biological Research Center (TABRC) (1)111 NUC March 1992 PC-3 officially dissolved112 BW Early 1992 Al Razi Research Center and Ibn-al-Baytar Center formed113 POL 17-Mar-92 Iraq admits to July - Dec ‘91 unilateral destruction of CW, missiles114UNSCOM-34 completes destruction of known prohibited missile productionDS Apr 1992equipment and buildings115 DS Apr 1992 Creation of Ibn-al-Haytham missile R&D center116PC-3 and EDC personnel transferred en masse to MIC and other companies toNUC Mar-Apr 1992support rebuilding of Iraq117 DS May 1992 Iraq submits first missile FFCD118Apr - JuneNUC1992Al Athir nuclear weapons fabrication & assembly facility destroyed by IAEA119 BW 01-May-92 Iraq admits it had defensive BW program120 CW June 1992 Iraq provides FFCD for CW121 CW July 1992 UNSCOM begins destruction of CW facilities122 OTHER/NUC123POL199313-Jan-93MIC initiates Rail Gun Program at the High Voltage Establishment (laterrenamed Al Tahadi)US, UK, France conduct bombing raids on southern Iraq (targeted missile sitesand command and control bases)124 POL Feb 1993 Saddam warns strikes on Iraq will result in a precise reaction125Husayn Kamil tells WMD scientists that programs will resume and bePOL 1993expanded once inspectors leave126 DS 1993 Al Samud program initiated127Former CW facilities split from National Company for Agricultural ChemicalsCW 20-Oct-93and Medicines128NovemberPOLIraq accepts UNSCR 715: long-term monitoring19931291993-1995 Bacillus thuringiensis (dry formulated preparation) produced at AlBW 1994Hakam130National Monitoring Directorate (NMD) established in response to UNSCRPOL Jan 1994715131Iraq takes drastic measures (e.g. amputation) to enforce emergency economicPROC Early 1994measures132UNSCOM letter limits diameter of Al Samud to 600mm and restricts use ofDS 17-Mar-94SA-2 in SSM mode133UNSCOM completes destruction of known CW agents and production facilitiesCW 01-Jun-94Regime Strategy and WMD Timeline Events5
Regime Strategy and WMD Timeline Events (continued)134 OTHER/NUC1994 Iraqi laser projects moved from IAEC to MIC Laser Research Center135 NUC Mid 1994 Iraqi nuclear scientists prohibited from traveling outside Iraq136 POL Late 1994 Iraq threatens to stop co-operating unless oil embargo lifted137 POL Late 1994 Iraq moves forces to Kuwaiti border138 POL 13-Oct-94 Russians counsel Iraq to accept Kuwait border139 POL 21-Oct-94 Iraq, Russia offer joint proposal to recognize Kuwait if sanctions lifted140POLNovember1994Iranian missile attack on MEK facilities in Iraq141UNSCOM discovers 42 tons of unaccounted-for BW growth medium; IraqBW Early 1995cannot explain142 DS March 1995 Iraq blocks destruction of SCUD engine production equipment143 BW 07-Apr-95 UNSCOM seminar concludes Iraq has undeclared full scale BW program144 POL 14-Apr-95 UN passes Oil for Food (OFF) Resolution 986145Iraq wants deal: ‘Give us a clean report on CW and missiles and we will satisfyPOL Early 1995UN resolutions on BW’146 POL 03-May-95 UNSCOM seminar concludes Iraq has not fully disclosed past CW activities147 DS June 1995 SCUD engine production equipment destroyed148 POL June 1995 Iraqi Foreign Minister demands UNSC lift sanctions149 OTHER/NUCMid 1995 MIC cancels Rail Gun program at Al Tahadi150 BW 01-Jul-95 Iraq admits offensive BW program but denies weaponization151 BW 01-Jul-95 Iraq submits draft BW FFCD based on 1 July admission of BW program152 BW 01-Jul-95 Russia agrees to provide Iraq with 50 cubic meter fermentation plant153 POL 17-Jul-95 Saddam demands UNSC lift sanctions154 BW 04-Aug-95 Iraq submits BW FFCD based on 1 July admission155 POL 08-Aug-95 Husayn Kamil flees Iraq156 BW 09-Aug-95 Iraq declares BW FFCD null and void157mid-AugPOL1995Kamal Mustafa orders Walid Tawfiq to burn docs at ‘Aqarquf158 BW 17-Aug-95 Iraq declares more complete BW program (still does not declare ricin)159 POL 20-Aug-95 Iraq reveals 143 boxes of documents to UNSCOM at chicken farm160Saddam orders creation of the Industrial Committee (IC) and Economic Committee(EC)CW Sep 1995161 BW 01-Sep-95 Iraq admits more of its BW program (now includes ricin)162 POL Sep-Oct 95 Large number of organizational changes in MIC163 DS Nov 1995 Iraq submits second missile FFCD164PROC Late 1995Saddam re-establishes the Economic Affairs Committee (EAC) to influencefiscal and monetary policy6
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Comprehensive Reportof the Special
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versus another. They deserve at lea
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In Saddam’s view, Iraq was the na
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UNSCOM gave a sufficiently positive
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The Regime, drawing on the experien
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December 1998. The United States an
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The new Iraq could benefit from the
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and the Baath party. This is a volu
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have been important, though they ha
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Regime StrategicIntentRegime Strate
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ContentsKey Findings...............
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AnnexesA. The Quartet—Influence a
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Key FindingsSaddam Husayn so domina
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Former Iraqi Regime Officials Varie
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Who Made Iraq’s StrategicDecision
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• Tariq ‘Aziz described the req
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• Instead, voluminous files were
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secure Saddam’s support for odd o
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Saddam’s Use of Execution—Manag
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solely for civilian use when the re
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directly and continuously to him. H
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How Saddam Saw HisSubordinatesMinin
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Saddam’s PsychologyHow Saddam Saw
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to consist of was hazy. His drive t
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Iraq’s Use of CW in 1991 Against
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Excerpts from a Closed-Door Meeting
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maker asserted that either country
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Israel“There can never be stabili
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Saddam’s handling of Iraq’s res
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this to the international community
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Regime StrategicIntentNote: Red cel
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Iraq’s Relationship With RussiaTh
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Realizing Saddam’s VeiledWMD Inte
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Selected UN Security Council Resolu
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Husayn KamilBorn in 1955 within the
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ibility with UNSCOM. Iraqi demands
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and the International Atomic Energy
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The Saga of the “Chicken Farm”
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Security Services (continued)The Sp
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VX Warhead Samples & The Iraqi Air
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success—reduced or suspended oil
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Preserving and Restoring WMD Infras
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• The Regime also sought diplomat
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Renewing UN InspectionsIraq allowed
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never part of the military plan cra
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• Former Minister of Defense Sult
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Annex AThe Quartet—Influence and
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Perceptions of Threat and Challenge
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OverviewAnnex BIraq’s Intelligenc
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Regime StrategicIntentThe Scientifi
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M6, Directorate of Internal Securit
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Structure of M14• Special Operati
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M18, Directorate of ResidencyM18 is
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Structure of M40• M40/1 Monitors
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OverviewAnnex CIraq’s Security Se
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The Special SecurityOrganizationSad
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Regime StrategicIntentThe Special S
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Structure of the SSO Security Branc
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The Republican GuardThe Republican
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The Republican Guard Forces Command
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Annex DSaddam’s Personal Involvem
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[Translator Comment: they are in go
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Regime Financeand ProcurementRegime
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ContentsA Word on the Scope of This
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MIC Banking and Financing .........
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A Word on the Scope of This Chapter
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Key FindingsThroughout the 1990s an
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ents. He made all modifications to
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Chapter SummaryThe Illicit Finance
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The Regime TimelineDecline (1991-96
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OverviewDirecting and Budgeting Ira
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Regime Financeand ProcurementFigure
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Iraq’s National Budget 1991-2002A
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OverviewFinancing Iraq’s IllicitP
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including abolishing universal empl
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Behind the scenes, the Iraqi govern
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for what they imported in 1992, pro
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Figure 10. Iraq’s estimated earni
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stated that he believed the Russian
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documents. Ten other Iraqi embassie
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were made to at least two Iraqi fro
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Figure 21. Iraq’s estimated earni
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SOMO Account Balances Outside of Ir
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with an *) shows the total proceeds
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seas accounts in Lebanon and Jordan
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and the overseas banks forwarded ac
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assets in employee-named accounts.
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OverviewExecuting Illicit Procureme
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necessary to accommodate the large
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offices, there was only a single em
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MoD’s Procurement Leadership at t
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Although other Iraqi ministries wer
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From 2000 onwards, the RG’s annua
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The information provided by these t
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its real activity, which was coordi
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• In May 2002, ARMOS was offered
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officer suggested Neptune would be
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• A foreign intelligence service
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MIC Research Support at Universitie
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Figure 51. Sattam HamidFarhan Al-Ga
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Supplying Iraq With ProhibitedCommo
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UNSCOM’s Operation Tea Cup (1995
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• The technology included guidanc
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Embassy to Jordan in Amman. The fir
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Regime Financeand ProcurementThis i
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Since 1991, Iraqi-Turkish trade rev
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cash through private sector trade o
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Chinese Assistance in Iraqi Telecom
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October 2001, Syrian technicians we
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• Yugoslav Federal also supplied
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jammers, night-vision devices, and
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• According to captured documents
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Transportation Routes From North Ko
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Materials, Equipment and Services P
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conflict, President Lukashenko inst
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Many transactions for prohibited go
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Importing ProhibitedCommoditiesDece
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International Commodity Deception:T
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Disguising the Commodity’s Destin
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months to reach Baghdad from Bulgar
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Figure 68. Primary oil smuggling ro
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Annex ATranslations of Iraq’s Bil
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An ISG Translation of the 2003 Iraq
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Benzene for automobiles:If there is
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Secondly: oil derivativesThe Iraqi
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Fifteenth:Based on the Jordanian re
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Figure 1. The Iraq-SyriaTrade Proto
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Figure 2. Iraq-Syria TradeProtocol
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Figure 3. The Iraq-TurkeyTrade Prot
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Annex BKnown Oil Voucher Recipients
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Oil Allocation RecipientList (conti
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Key Budgetary ActorsAnnex CIraq’s
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decision and issued a presidential
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• The NSC Auditing Division sent
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Annex DIraq Economic Data (1989-200
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Figure 8. Sectoralcomposition of Ir
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Figure 10. Iraq’s Paris Clubcredi
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Balance of Payments/Exchange RatesE
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Figure 16. Exchange rateID/USD.Regi
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Annex EIllicit Earnings Sources and
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account for half a year each, were
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Annex FIraqi Oil SmugglingCaptured
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ISG Translation of an Oil Sale Cont
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truck to the Turkish border. Althou
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Figure 22. Contractbetween the Nati
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Figure 22. Contractbetween the Nati
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Figure 24. Letter from A.J.Khazamip
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Figure 25 . Second letterfrom A.J.
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Figure 27. Contract forpetroleum pr
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Figure 27. Contract forpetroleum pr
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Figure 29. Contractbetween al Basha
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Figure 29. Contractbetween al Basha
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Figure 31. Telex from aFrench bank
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Figure 32. Unipack ofParis contract
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Figure 33. Telex from VitolGeneva t
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Figure 35. Letter dated 30December
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Annex GIraq’s Banking Systemdid n
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Figure 37. Department,department di
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Page 394 and 395: • UNSCR 1175 also noted that the
Page 396 and 397: Annex ISuspected WMD-Related Dual-U
Page 398 and 399: • An electrophoresis system inclu
Page 400 and 401: • The MIC initiated direct contac
Page 402 and 403: Annex JThe Procurement of Conventio
Page 404 and 405: Possible Breaches of UN Sanctions b
Page 406 and 407: Letters Dealing With a Planned Visi
Page 408 and 409: ack to Baghdad without repair. The
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Page 412 and 413: • In April 1999, seven Russian en
Page 414 and 415: • The letter also indicates that
Page 416 and 417: • In another letter, SARA-M refer
Page 418 and 419: Possible Belarusian Breaches of UN
Page 420 and 421: Possible Syrian Breaches of UN Sanc
Page 422 and 423: • A recovered contract dated 20 F
Page 424 and 425: 9k38 portable air defense systems (
Page 426 and 427: Annex KSuspected Intermediary andFr
Page 428 and 429: Atera ManufacturingDaei Internation
Page 430 and 431: Annex LProcurement AcronymsAcronymA
Page 432 and 433: IAFIraqi Armed ForcesIDIraqi DinarI
Page 434: TPICTTCUAEUAVUDMHUHFUNUNCCUNDPUNESC
Page 437 and 438: Regime Strategy and WMD Timeline Ev
Page 439: Regime Strategy and WMD Timeline Ev
Page 449: Regime Strategy and WMD Timeline Ev
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