Volume 1 - Iraq Watch

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decision and issued a presidential decree signed bythe president.Presidential Diwan Financial Accounts DepartmentAny decision in any area that needed Saddam’s signature,approval, comment or review had to be routedthrough one of the Diwan’s departments. Fiscal decisionswere routed to the Presidential Diwan’s FinancialAccounts Department.• This department was responsible for reviewinggovernment budget decisions, ministry requestsfor budget increases, new financial allocations, andany other financial matters except those for the IIS,SSO, and DGMI.• Any ministry or organization’s financial requestoutside of the annually allocated budget was to besent to the president for review and or approvalthrough this directorate.• The department also managed domestic bankingaccounts reserved for the payment of employeesalaries and Diwan expenditures.Role of the National Security CouncilThose organizations whose budgets were notreviewed by the Presidential Diwan’s FinancialAccounts Department were presented to the NSC.Vice President and RCC Vice-Chairman Izzat Ibrahimal-Duri chaired the NSC with the head of the PresidentialSecretariat, Abid Hamid Mahmud al-Tikriti—the Secretary of the NSC. Because both al-Duri andal-Tikriti headed NSC meetings, it is unclear whoprecisely exercised the most power. However, thePresidential secretary was influential. The NSC met afew times each year, as necessary, to discuss budget,security, and intelligence issues (for additional informationon the NSC, see the Security Services Annex).Other members of the NSC included the following:• Interior Minister.• Foreign Minister.• Qusay Saddam Husayn al-Tikriti, head of the RG.• General Director of the IIS.• General Director of the SSO.Regime Financeand ProcurementBudget ExecutionAccording to the minister of finance, funds weredisbursed monthly to the various ministries’ accountsin the CBI or Rafidian Bank. These monthly disbursementswere approved by the MoF, and in the case ofrecurring expenses, such as salaries, the disbursementwas made yearly. Monthly allocations were a portionof the annual budget for each ministry. Governmentfunds were held by the MoF in accounts at the CBIand Rafidian Bank. Disbursements to other ministrieswere usually made from funds at the Rafidian andother state-owned banks (See Figures 4 and 5).• The MoF, however, did not have authority toapprove disbursals involving the Presidential Secretariat,the Presidential Diwan, the IIS, the Directorateof General Security (DGS), and certain secretMoD and MIC expenses.• General Director of the DGMI.• DGS.According to late 1994 documents from the Secretariatof the NSC and addressed to the MoI, directorsof the IIS, SSO, DGS, the Military Security Directorate,and the DGMI, met with the NSC to discuss theirbudgets plans. Meetings were held at the office of thevice-chairman of the RCC.Documents from late 1994 indicate that the budgetprocess for intelligence and security organizations,such as the IIS, the DGMI, and probably other organizations,involved roughly seven steps:• The requesting organization sent a note to the NSCSecretariat requesting funds.• The NSC Secretariat sent a note to the NSC AuditingDivision requesting its opinion on the fundsrequested.203
Figure 4. The <strong>Iraq</strong>i general budgetprocess for most ministries.Figure 5. The <strong>Iraq</strong>i general budget processfor secret and off-budget issues.204
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Comprehensive Reportof the Special
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versus another. They deserve at lea
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In Saddam’s view, Iraq was the na
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UNSCOM gave a sufficiently positive
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The Regime, drawing on the experien
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December 1998. The United States an
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The new Iraq could benefit from the
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and the Baath party. This is a volu
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have been important, though they ha
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Regime StrategicIntentRegime Strate
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ContentsKey Findings...............
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AnnexesA. The Quartet—Influence a
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Key FindingsSaddam Husayn so domina
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Former Iraqi Regime Officials Varie
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Who Made Iraq’s StrategicDecision
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• Tariq ‘Aziz described the req
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• Instead, voluminous files were
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secure Saddam’s support for odd o
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Saddam’s Use of Execution—Manag
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solely for civilian use when the re
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directly and continuously to him. H
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How Saddam Saw HisSubordinatesMinin
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Saddam’s PsychologyHow Saddam Saw
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to consist of was hazy. His drive t
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Iraq’s Use of CW in 1991 Against
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Excerpts from a Closed-Door Meeting
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maker asserted that either country
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Israel“There can never be stabili
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Saddam’s handling of Iraq’s res
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this to the international community
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Regime StrategicIntentNote: Red cel
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Iraq’s Relationship With RussiaTh
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Realizing Saddam’s VeiledWMD Inte
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Selected UN Security Council Resolu
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Husayn KamilBorn in 1955 within the
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ibility with UNSCOM. Iraqi demands
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and the International Atomic Energy
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The Saga of the “Chicken Farm”
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Security Services (continued)The Sp
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VX Warhead Samples & The Iraqi Air
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success—reduced or suspended oil
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Preserving and Restoring WMD Infras
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• The Regime also sought diplomat
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Renewing UN InspectionsIraq allowed
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never part of the military plan cra
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• Former Minister of Defense Sult
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Annex AThe Quartet—Influence and
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Perceptions of Threat and Challenge
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OverviewAnnex BIraq’s Intelligenc
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Regime StrategicIntentThe Scientifi
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M6, Directorate of Internal Securit
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Structure of M14• Special Operati
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M18, Directorate of ResidencyM18 is
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Structure of M40• M40/1 Monitors
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OverviewAnnex CIraq’s Security Se
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The Special SecurityOrganizationSad
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Regime StrategicIntentThe Special S
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Structure of the SSO Security Branc
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The Republican GuardThe Republican
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The Republican Guard Forces Command
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Annex DSaddam’s Personal Involvem
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[Translator Comment: they are in go
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Regime Financeand ProcurementRegime
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ContentsA Word on the Scope of This
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MIC Banking and Financing .........
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A Word on the Scope of This Chapter
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Key FindingsThroughout the 1990s an
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ents. He made all modifications to
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Chapter SummaryThe Illicit Finance
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The Regime TimelineDecline (1991-96
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OverviewDirecting and Budgeting Ira
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Regime Financeand ProcurementFigure
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Iraq’s National Budget 1991-2002A
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OverviewFinancing Iraq’s IllicitP
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including abolishing universal empl
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Behind the scenes, the Iraqi govern
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for what they imported in 1992, pro
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Figure 10. Iraq’s estimated earni
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stated that he believed the Russian
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documents. Ten other Iraqi embassie
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were made to at least two Iraqi fro
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Figure 21. Iraq’s estimated earni
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SOMO Account Balances Outside of Ir
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with an *) shows the total proceeds
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seas accounts in Lebanon and Jordan
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and the overseas banks forwarded ac
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assets in employee-named accounts.
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OverviewExecuting Illicit Procureme
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necessary to accommodate the large
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offices, there was only a single em
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MoD’s Procurement Leadership at t
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Although other Iraqi ministries wer
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From 2000 onwards, the RG’s annua
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The information provided by these t
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its real activity, which was coordi
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• In May 2002, ARMOS was offered
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officer suggested Neptune would be
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• A foreign intelligence service
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MIC Research Support at Universitie
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Figure 51. Sattam HamidFarhan Al-Ga
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Supplying Iraq With ProhibitedCommo
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UNSCOM’s Operation Tea Cup (1995
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• The technology included guidanc
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Embassy to Jordan in Amman. The fir
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Regime Financeand ProcurementThis i
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Since 1991, Iraqi-Turkish trade rev
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cash through private sector trade o
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Chinese Assistance in Iraqi Telecom
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October 2001, Syrian technicians we
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• Yugoslav Federal also supplied
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jammers, night-vision devices, and
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• According to captured documents
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Transportation Routes From North Ko
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Materials, Equipment and Services P
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conflict, President Lukashenko inst
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Many transactions for prohibited go
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Importing ProhibitedCommoditiesDece
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International Commodity Deception:T
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Disguising the Commodity’s Destin
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months to reach Baghdad from Bulgar
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Figure 68. Primary oil smuggling ro
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Annex ATranslations of Iraq’s Bil
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An ISG Translation of the 2003 Iraq
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Benzene for automobiles:If there is
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Secondly: oil derivativesThe Iraqi
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Page 290 and 291: Figure 1. The Iraq-SyriaTrade Proto
Page 292 and 293: Figure 2. Iraq-Syria TradeProtocol
Page 294 and 295: Figure 3. The Iraq-TurkeyTrade Prot
Page 302 and 303: Annex BKnown Oil Voucher Recipients
Page 304 and 305: Oil Allocation RecipientList (conti
Page 336 and 337: Key Budgetary ActorsAnnex CIraq’s
Page 340 and 341: • The NSC Auditing Division sent
Page 342 and 343: Annex DIraq Economic Data (1989-200
Page 344 and 345: Figure 8. Sectoralcomposition of Ir
Page 346 and 347: Figure 10. Iraq’s Paris Clubcredi
Page 348 and 349: Balance of Payments/Exchange RatesE
Page 350 and 351: Figure 16. Exchange rateID/USD.Regi
Page 352 and 353: Annex EIllicit Earnings Sources and
Page 354 and 355: account for half a year each, were
Page 356 and 357: Annex FIraqi Oil SmugglingCaptured
Page 358 and 359: ISG Translation of an Oil Sale Cont
Page 360 and 361: truck to the Turkish border. Althou
Page 362 and 363: Figure 22. Contractbetween the Nati
Page 364 and 365: Figure 22. Contractbetween the Nati
Page 366 and 367: Figure 24. Letter from A.J.Khazamip
Page 368 and 369: Figure 25 . Second letterfrom A.J.
Page 370 and 371: Figure 27. Contract forpetroleum pr
Page 372 and 373: Figure 27. Contract forpetroleum pr
Page 374 and 375: Figure 29. Contractbetween al Basha
Page 376 and 377: Figure 29. Contractbetween al Basha
Page 378 and 379: Figure 31. Telex from aFrench bank
Page 380 and 381: Figure 32. Unipack ofParis contract
Page 382 and 383: Figure 33. Telex from VitolGeneva t
Page 384 and 385: Figure 35. Letter dated 30December
Page 386 and 387: Annex GIraq’s Banking Systemdid n
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Figure 37. Department,department di
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anks for some transactions in the b
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Annex HUN Security Council Resoluti
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• UNSCR 1175 also noted that the
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Annex ISuspected WMD-Related Dual-U
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• An electrophoresis system inclu
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• The MIC initiated direct contac
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Annex JThe Procurement of Conventio
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Possible Breaches of UN Sanctions b
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Letters Dealing With a Planned Visi
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ack to Baghdad without repair. The
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specified that the Iraqi attendees
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• In April 1999, seven Russian en
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• The letter also indicates that
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• In another letter, SARA-M refer
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Possible Belarusian Breaches of UN
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Possible Syrian Breaches of UN Sanc
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• A recovered contract dated 20 F
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9k38 portable air defense systems (
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Annex KSuspected Intermediary andFr
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Atera ManufacturingDaei Internation
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Annex LProcurement AcronymsAcronymA
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IAFIraqi Armed ForcesIDIraqi DinarI
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TPICTTCUAEUAVUDMHUHFUNUNCCUNDPUNESC
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Regime Strategy and WMD Timeline Ev
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