Volume 1 - Iraq Watch

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Regime Strategy and WMD Timeline EventsSerial # Issue Area Date Name Short Description1 POL 1980 Iraq invades Iran2 POL 1981 Israeli Air Force bombs Iraq’s Osirak nuclear reactor3Code name Research Center 922 to produce chemical weapons (CW) agentsCW 08-Jun-81Mustard, Tabun, Sarin, and VX4Iraq Atomic Energy Commission (IAEC) pursues Laser Isotope SeparationNUC 1981(LIS) for uranium enrichment5 CW 06-Aug-81 CW program reorganized (Project 922) at Al Rashad6IAEC Office of Studies and Development (OSD) established for uraniumNUC Early 1982enrichment R&D (later renamed Office 3000)7 BW 1983 BW program added to Project 922 mission8 CW 1983 First media reports of use of Iraqi CW (Mustard) against Iranian forces9 CW 1984 Media reports of the use of CW (Tabun) against Iranian forces10 NUC 1984 Al Qaim yellowcake plant commissioned11 BW 1985 BW program restarted12Iranian F4 attack on Project 922 site (later Al Muthanna State EstablishmentPOL Mid 1985- ‘Al Muthanna’)13 CW 1986 Construction of Fallujah II commenced14 POL Oct-86 Iranian SCUDs fired at MSE15 POL Nov-86 Irangate scandal in the United States (the covert supplying of missiles to Iran)16Iraq deploys significant portion of Roland Air Defense Systems to Al MuthannaPOL Late 198617Proposal to scale up BW production at MSE denied; program moved to AlBW 1987Salman18Groups 1, 2, 3 formed under Office 3000; Group 1 leaves, becomes EngineeringDesign Directorate under MICNUC April 198719 NUC April 1987 Al Husayn project formed to study requirements for weapons program20 BW Aug-87 Taji Single Cell Protein (SCP) assets relocated to bolster BW at Al Salman21Lieutentant General Husayn Kamil (HK) appointed head of new MilitaryPOL 19-Aug-87Industrialization Commission (MIC)22November Al Husayn project transfers to IAEC and later becomes Group 4 under OfficeNUC1987 300023Iraq begins construction on Electromagnetic Isotope Separation (EMIS) facilitiesat TarmiyaNUC Late 198724 BW 1988 Initial BW trials (Feb-May)25 POL Feb-1988 War of the Cities begins26DSFebruary1988Iraq receives last of 29 deliveries of 819 SCUDs from former Soviet Union(FSU)Regime Strategy and WMD Timeline Events1
Regime Strategy and WMD Timeline Events (continued)27 POL Mar-88 CW used against Kurdish city of Halabja28 NUC 1988 LIS abandoned as a uranium enrichment process29 POL Apr-1988 War of the Cities ends30 BW Apr-1988 Construction of dedicated BW agent production plant (Al Hakam) begins31 BW May 1988 BW broadened with addition of fungal toxins32 NUC mid 1988 Iraq begins magnetic-bearing centrifuge program33Construction begins on Al Athir nuclear weapons fabrication & assembly facilityunder Al Husayn project (Group 4)NUC August 198834 NUC August 1988 German engineers provide centrifuge design data35 CW August 1988 Al Muthanna stops CW agent production and focuses on research36 POL 08-Aug-88 Iran and Iraq agree to ceasefire37NovemberNUC1988Husayn Kamil takes control of combined Iraqi nuclear weapons program38NovemberBW1988Al Kindi vaccine production fermentation line moved to Al Hakam39 BW 1989 First bulk production run of Botulinum toxin at Al Hakam40 NUC Jan 1989 Office 3000 officially renamed Petrochemical Project 3 (PC-3) under Ja’far41 DS 1989 Iraq cancels BADR-2000 Contract with Egypt42 NUC Feb-90 Iraq completes one nuclear-related fireset43 POL 02-Apr-90 Saddam threatens to use binary CW against Israel if Israel attacks Iraq44 CW Apr-1990 Manufacture of Al Husayn special chemical warheads commences45 POL April 1990 Husayn Kamil gives orders to weaponize BW as quickly as possible46Iraq starts filling Al Husayn special warheads (CW) & R-400 bombs at AlCW Jun-1990Muthanna47 NUC 1990 EDC acquires carbon fiber rotors from a German supplier48Iraq arranges for a winding machine and carbon fiber (reaches Jordan JulyNUC 19901992)49 PROC 17-Jul-90 Saddam accuses neighbors of threatening Iraq via low oil prices50 PROC 18-Jul-90 Tariq ‘Aziz accuses Kuwait of stealing Iraqi oil51 CW August 1990 Iraq deploys a range of CW around Iraq before invasion of Kuwait52 POL 02-Aug-90 Iraq invades Kuwait53United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 661 establishesPOL 06-Aug-90embargo on Iraq54Al Dawrah Foot & Mouth Disease Vaccine (FMDV) plant annexed by BW forBW Sep-90agent production and virus R&D55Agricultural Water and Resources Center annexed by BW for aflatoxin productionBW Sep-902
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Comprehensive Reportof the Special
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versus another. They deserve at lea
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In Saddam’s view, Iraq was the na
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UNSCOM gave a sufficiently positive
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The Regime, drawing on the experien
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December 1998. The United States an
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The new Iraq could benefit from the
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and the Baath party. This is a volu
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have been important, though they ha
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Regime StrategicIntentRegime Strate
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ContentsKey Findings...............
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AnnexesA. The Quartet—Influence a
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Key FindingsSaddam Husayn so domina
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Former Iraqi Regime Officials Varie
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Who Made Iraq’s StrategicDecision
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• Tariq ‘Aziz described the req
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• Instead, voluminous files were
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secure Saddam’s support for odd o
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Saddam’s Use of Execution—Manag
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solely for civilian use when the re
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directly and continuously to him. H
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How Saddam Saw HisSubordinatesMinin
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Saddam’s PsychologyHow Saddam Saw
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to consist of was hazy. His drive t
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Iraq’s Use of CW in 1991 Against
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Excerpts from a Closed-Door Meeting
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maker asserted that either country
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Israel“There can never be stabili
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Saddam’s handling of Iraq’s res
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this to the international community
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Regime StrategicIntentNote: Red cel
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Iraq’s Relationship With RussiaTh
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Realizing Saddam’s VeiledWMD Inte
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Selected UN Security Council Resolu
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Husayn KamilBorn in 1955 within the
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ibility with UNSCOM. Iraqi demands
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and the International Atomic Energy
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The Saga of the “Chicken Farm”
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Security Services (continued)The Sp
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VX Warhead Samples & The Iraqi Air
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success—reduced or suspended oil
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Preserving and Restoring WMD Infras
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• The Regime also sought diplomat
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Renewing UN InspectionsIraq allowed
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never part of the military plan cra
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• Former Minister of Defense Sult
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Annex AThe Quartet—Influence and
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Perceptions of Threat and Challenge
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OverviewAnnex BIraq’s Intelligenc
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Regime StrategicIntentThe Scientifi
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M6, Directorate of Internal Securit
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Structure of M14• Special Operati
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M18, Directorate of ResidencyM18 is
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Structure of M40• M40/1 Monitors
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OverviewAnnex CIraq’s Security Se
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The Special SecurityOrganizationSad
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Regime StrategicIntentThe Special S
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Structure of the SSO Security Branc
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The Republican GuardThe Republican
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The Republican Guard Forces Command
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Annex DSaddam’s Personal Involvem
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[Translator Comment: they are in go
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Regime Financeand ProcurementRegime
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ContentsA Word on the Scope of This
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MIC Banking and Financing .........
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A Word on the Scope of This Chapter
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Key FindingsThroughout the 1990s an
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ents. He made all modifications to
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Chapter SummaryThe Illicit Finance
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The Regime TimelineDecline (1991-96
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OverviewDirecting and Budgeting Ira
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Regime Financeand ProcurementFigure
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Iraq’s National Budget 1991-2002A
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OverviewFinancing Iraq’s IllicitP
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including abolishing universal empl
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Behind the scenes, the Iraqi govern
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for what they imported in 1992, pro
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Figure 10. Iraq’s estimated earni
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stated that he believed the Russian
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documents. Ten other Iraqi embassie
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were made to at least two Iraqi fro
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Figure 21. Iraq’s estimated earni
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SOMO Account Balances Outside of Ir
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with an *) shows the total proceeds
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seas accounts in Lebanon and Jordan
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and the overseas banks forwarded ac
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assets in employee-named accounts.
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OverviewExecuting Illicit Procureme
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necessary to accommodate the large
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offices, there was only a single em
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MoD’s Procurement Leadership at t
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Although other Iraqi ministries wer
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From 2000 onwards, the RG’s annua
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The information provided by these t
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its real activity, which was coordi
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• In May 2002, ARMOS was offered
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officer suggested Neptune would be
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• A foreign intelligence service
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MIC Research Support at Universitie
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Figure 51. Sattam HamidFarhan Al-Ga
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Supplying Iraq With ProhibitedCommo
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UNSCOM’s Operation Tea Cup (1995
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• The technology included guidanc
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Embassy to Jordan in Amman. The fir
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Regime Financeand ProcurementThis i
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Since 1991, Iraqi-Turkish trade rev
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cash through private sector trade o
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Chinese Assistance in Iraqi Telecom
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October 2001, Syrian technicians we
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• Yugoslav Federal also supplied
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jammers, night-vision devices, and
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• According to captured documents
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Transportation Routes From North Ko
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Materials, Equipment and Services P
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conflict, President Lukashenko inst
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Many transactions for prohibited go
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Importing ProhibitedCommoditiesDece
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International Commodity Deception:T
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Disguising the Commodity’s Destin
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months to reach Baghdad from Bulgar
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Figure 68. Primary oil smuggling ro
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Annex ATranslations of Iraq’s Bil
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An ISG Translation of the 2003 Iraq
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Benzene for automobiles:If there is
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Secondly: oil derivativesThe Iraqi
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Fifteenth:Based on the Jordanian re
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Figure 1. The Iraq-SyriaTrade Proto
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Figure 2. Iraq-Syria TradeProtocol
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Figure 3. The Iraq-TurkeyTrade Prot
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Annex BKnown Oil Voucher Recipients
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Oil Allocation RecipientList (conti
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Key Budgetary ActorsAnnex CIraq’s
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decision and issued a presidential
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• The NSC Auditing Division sent
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Annex DIraq Economic Data (1989-200
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Figure 8. Sectoralcomposition of Ir
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Figure 10. Iraq’s Paris Clubcredi
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Balance of Payments/Exchange RatesE
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Figure 16. Exchange rateID/USD.Regi
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Annex EIllicit Earnings Sources and
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account for half a year each, were
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Annex FIraqi Oil SmugglingCaptured
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ISG Translation of an Oil Sale Cont
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truck to the Turkish border. Althou
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Figure 22. Contractbetween the Nati
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Figure 22. Contractbetween the Nati
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Figure 24. Letter from A.J.Khazamip
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Figure 25 . Second letterfrom A.J.
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Figure 27. Contract forpetroleum pr
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Figure 27. Contract forpetroleum pr
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Figure 29. Contractbetween al Basha
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Figure 29. Contractbetween al Basha
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Figure 31. Telex from aFrench bank
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Figure 32. Unipack ofParis contract
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Figure 33. Telex from VitolGeneva t
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Page 386 and 387: Annex GIraq’s Banking Systemdid n
Page 388 and 389: Figure 37. Department,department di
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Page 392 and 393: Annex HUN Security Council Resoluti
Page 394 and 395: • UNSCR 1175 also noted that the
Page 396 and 397: Annex ISuspected WMD-Related Dual-U
Page 398 and 399: • An electrophoresis system inclu
Page 400 and 401: • The MIC initiated direct contac
Page 402 and 403: Annex JThe Procurement of Conventio
Page 404 and 405: Possible Breaches of UN Sanctions b
Page 406 and 407: Letters Dealing With a Planned Visi
Page 408 and 409: ack to Baghdad without repair. The
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Page 412 and 413: • In April 1999, seven Russian en
Page 414 and 415: • The letter also indicates that
Page 416 and 417: • In another letter, SARA-M refer
Page 418 and 419: Possible Belarusian Breaches of UN
Page 420 and 421: Possible Syrian Breaches of UN Sanc
Page 422 and 423: • A recovered contract dated 20 F
Page 424 and 425: 9k38 portable air defense systems (
Page 426 and 427: Annex KSuspected Intermediary andFr
Page 428 and 429: Atera ManufacturingDaei Internation
Page 430 and 431: Annex LProcurement AcronymsAcronymA
Page 432 and 433: IAFIraqi Armed ForcesIDIraqi DinarI
Page 434: TPICTTCUAEUAVUDMHUHFUNUNCCUNDPUNESC
Page 439 and 440: Regime Strategy and WMD Timeline Ev
Page 449: Regime Strategy and WMD Timeline Ev
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