Volume 1 - Iraq Watch

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Regime Strategy and WMD Timeline Events (continued)165 DS 01-Nov-95 Iraq begins the Al Bay’ah (L-29) RPV program166 DS 10-Nov-95 UNSCOM intercepts illegal Russian SS-N-18 SLBM gyros in Jordan167 DS Dec 1995 Dr. Muzhir is imprisoned (until January 1998)168 PROC Iraqi economy bottoms out (GDP drops to 20% of 1989; inflation hits 387%)169 PROC 1996 Annual MIC budget is $7.8M170Industrial Committee begins work, plans to coordinate indigenous chemicalCW 1996-1997production171 POL 06-Jan-96 Saddam decrees austerity measures due to inflation caused by sanctions172 PROC 17-Jan-96 Iraq agrees to discuss UN plan for limited oil sales173 POL 23-Feb-96 Husayn Kamil and brother are executed following their return to Iraq174 POL Iraq signs MOU accepting Oil for Food175 CW June 1996 Iraq submits 3rd chemical FFCD176After series of draft BW FFCD’s, Iraq submits first post-Husayn Kamil departureBW FFCDBW 15-Jun-96177 BW 20-Jun-96 Al Hakam BW plant destroyed under UNSCOM supervision178 DS July 1996 Iraq submits 3rd missile FFCD179 DS 1996 Work commences at Ibn Firnas to convert L-29 to an RPV180WMD scientists ordered to sign agreement to turn over any documentation inPOL 1996their homes181 NUC 1996 Fadil Al Janabi appointed head of IAEC182 PROC 1996 Regime procurement with Jordan leads to further sanctions erosion183 POL 31-Aug-96 Iraqi forces attack Irbil184Twenty fourth meeting of the IC indicates committee was concerned aboutCW Sep 1996wasting intellectual capital185 BW 01-Sep-96 Iraq submits new BW FFCD186 POL 03-Sep-96 Coalition forces extend No-Fly zones187 NUC 07-Sep-96 Iraq submits nuclear FFCD188 OTHER/NUCAfter 1996 Air defense projects were a priority at the IAEC189 POL 10-Dec-96 OFF is implemented190 POL 12-Dec-96 Assassination attempt cripples ‘Uday Husayn191Through Two scientists - one former EMIS and one former centrifuge - retain hiddenNUC1990s nuclear documents and components192 PROC 18-Mar-97 Iraq grants Russia MFN trade status, awards it 20% of initial OFF contracts193 PROC 22-Mar-97 Iraq establishes a new Iraqi/Russian oil company194Huwaysh becomes director of MIC; preserving pre-war nuclear competencePOL 27-Mar-97becomes less important195 POL Early 1997 VP Ramadan recognizes OFF activities as opportunity196 DS 13-Apr-97 First flight of L-29 RPVRegime Strategy and WMD Timeline Events7
Regime Strategy and WMD Timeline Events (continued)197POL 1997Huwaysh orders MIC employees to sign statements certifying they do not haveWMD documents or equipment198Regime procurement with Jordan, South Korea, Syria leads to further sanctionsPROC 1997erosion199 NUC 19-Jul-97 Fireset exhumed from rubble at Al Athir and turned over to inspectors200 POL Sept 1997 Iranian aircraft strike MEK facilities in Iraq; Iraq asks UN to act201UN inspectors find documents from July 1995 that show Russia intended to sellBW Sept 1997Iraq dual-use fermentation equipment202 BW 01-Sep-97 Iraq submits new BW FFCD203Chemical process equipment purchased before 1991 for CW programsCW Oct 1997destroyed by UNSCOM204 POL 10-Oct-97 UNSCOM attempts inspection of a Presidential palace and Iraq denies access205 POL 15-Oct-97 Iraq protests UN inspection practices206 DS 24-Oct-97 First Al Samud launch207UNSCOM Executive Chairman Butler to Iraq Government: no SA2 componentsto be used on Iraqi ballistic missilesDS Nov 1997208 PROC Nov 1997 Saddam approves MIC plan to use IIS to assist procurement209 POL 03-Nov-97 Iraq awards Russian company contract to develop W Qurna oil field210 POL 13-Nov-97 UNSCOM suspends inspections in Iraq211DS Nov 1997L-29 RPV and associated control equipment deployed to Tallil airbase insouthern Iraq.212Russia brokers agreement to resume UN inspections; inspections subsequentlyPOL 20-Nov-97resume213 PROC Nov 1997 Aziz travels to Syria to re-establish relations214 PROC 28-Nov-97 Rabi’ah and Al Qa’im border crossings opened with Syria (no UN monitoring)215 OTHER/NUCAfter 1997 Large laser research contract between MIC and Technology University initiated216NUC By 1998Many nuclear scientists have migrated to other high priority programs such asair defense, infrastructure repair, rebuilding industrial base217Technical Evaluation Meetings (TEM) conclude Iraq has not fully disclosedCW/DS Feb 1998CW, missile activities218 POL Early 1998 Inner circle views Saddam as increasingly reclusive219 PROC 06-Feb-98 Iraq rejects UN’s proposal to increase oil exports220 PROC 20-Feb-98 UNSCR 1153 expands Iraqi oil sales to $5.256B/year221222POLBW23-Feb-98March/April1998Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with UN Secretary General on inspectionof Presidential sitesBW Technical Evaluation Meetings conclude Iraq has not fully disclosed BWprograms223 CW Apr 1998 VX discovered on missile warhead fragments224 POL 28-Apr-98 UNSC decides to continue sanctions; reinstates 60 day reviews8
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Comprehensive Reportof the Special
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versus another. They deserve at lea
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In Saddam’s view, Iraq was the na
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UNSCOM gave a sufficiently positive
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The Regime, drawing on the experien
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December 1998. The United States an
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The new Iraq could benefit from the
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and the Baath party. This is a volu
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have been important, though they ha
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Regime StrategicIntentRegime Strate
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ContentsKey Findings...............
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AnnexesA. The Quartet—Influence a
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Key FindingsSaddam Husayn so domina
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Former Iraqi Regime Officials Varie
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Who Made Iraq’s StrategicDecision
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• Tariq ‘Aziz described the req
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• Instead, voluminous files were
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secure Saddam’s support for odd o
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Saddam’s Use of Execution—Manag
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solely for civilian use when the re
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directly and continuously to him. H
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How Saddam Saw HisSubordinatesMinin
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Saddam’s PsychologyHow Saddam Saw
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to consist of was hazy. His drive t
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Iraq’s Use of CW in 1991 Against
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Excerpts from a Closed-Door Meeting
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maker asserted that either country
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Israel“There can never be stabili
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Saddam’s handling of Iraq’s res
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this to the international community
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Regime StrategicIntentNote: Red cel
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Iraq’s Relationship With RussiaTh
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Realizing Saddam’s VeiledWMD Inte
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Selected UN Security Council Resolu
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Husayn KamilBorn in 1955 within the
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ibility with UNSCOM. Iraqi demands
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and the International Atomic Energy
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The Saga of the “Chicken Farm”
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Security Services (continued)The Sp
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VX Warhead Samples & The Iraqi Air
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success—reduced or suspended oil
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Preserving and Restoring WMD Infras
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• The Regime also sought diplomat
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Renewing UN InspectionsIraq allowed
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never part of the military plan cra
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• Former Minister of Defense Sult
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Annex AThe Quartet—Influence and
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Perceptions of Threat and Challenge
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OverviewAnnex BIraq’s Intelligenc
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Regime StrategicIntentThe Scientifi
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M6, Directorate of Internal Securit
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Structure of M14• Special Operati
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M18, Directorate of ResidencyM18 is
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Structure of M40• M40/1 Monitors
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OverviewAnnex CIraq’s Security Se
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The Special SecurityOrganizationSad
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Regime StrategicIntentThe Special S
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Structure of the SSO Security Branc
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The Republican GuardThe Republican
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The Republican Guard Forces Command
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Annex DSaddam’s Personal Involvem
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[Translator Comment: they are in go
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Regime Financeand ProcurementRegime
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ContentsA Word on the Scope of This
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MIC Banking and Financing .........
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A Word on the Scope of This Chapter
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Key FindingsThroughout the 1990s an
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ents. He made all modifications to
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Chapter SummaryThe Illicit Finance
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The Regime TimelineDecline (1991-96
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OverviewDirecting and Budgeting Ira
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Regime Financeand ProcurementFigure
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Iraq’s National Budget 1991-2002A
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OverviewFinancing Iraq’s IllicitP
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including abolishing universal empl
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Behind the scenes, the Iraqi govern
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for what they imported in 1992, pro
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Figure 10. Iraq’s estimated earni
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stated that he believed the Russian
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documents. Ten other Iraqi embassie
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were made to at least two Iraqi fro
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Figure 21. Iraq’s estimated earni
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SOMO Account Balances Outside of Ir
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with an *) shows the total proceeds
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seas accounts in Lebanon and Jordan
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and the overseas banks forwarded ac
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assets in employee-named accounts.
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OverviewExecuting Illicit Procureme
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necessary to accommodate the large
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offices, there was only a single em
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MoD’s Procurement Leadership at t
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Although other Iraqi ministries wer
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From 2000 onwards, the RG’s annua
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The information provided by these t
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its real activity, which was coordi
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• In May 2002, ARMOS was offered
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officer suggested Neptune would be
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• A foreign intelligence service
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MIC Research Support at Universitie
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Figure 51. Sattam HamidFarhan Al-Ga
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Supplying Iraq With ProhibitedCommo
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UNSCOM’s Operation Tea Cup (1995
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• The technology included guidanc
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Embassy to Jordan in Amman. The fir
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Regime Financeand ProcurementThis i
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Since 1991, Iraqi-Turkish trade rev
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cash through private sector trade o
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Chinese Assistance in Iraqi Telecom
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October 2001, Syrian technicians we
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• Yugoslav Federal also supplied
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jammers, night-vision devices, and
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• According to captured documents
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Transportation Routes From North Ko
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Materials, Equipment and Services P
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conflict, President Lukashenko inst
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Many transactions for prohibited go
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Importing ProhibitedCommoditiesDece
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International Commodity Deception:T
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Disguising the Commodity’s Destin
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months to reach Baghdad from Bulgar
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Figure 68. Primary oil smuggling ro
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Annex ATranslations of Iraq’s Bil
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An ISG Translation of the 2003 Iraq
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Benzene for automobiles:If there is
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Secondly: oil derivativesThe Iraqi
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Fifteenth:Based on the Jordanian re
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Figure 1. The Iraq-SyriaTrade Proto
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Figure 2. Iraq-Syria TradeProtocol
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Figure 3. The Iraq-TurkeyTrade Prot
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Annex BKnown Oil Voucher Recipients
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Oil Allocation RecipientList (conti
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Key Budgetary ActorsAnnex CIraq’s
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decision and issued a presidential
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• The NSC Auditing Division sent
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Annex DIraq Economic Data (1989-200
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Figure 8. Sectoralcomposition of Ir
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Figure 10. Iraq’s Paris Clubcredi
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Balance of Payments/Exchange RatesE
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Figure 16. Exchange rateID/USD.Regi
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Annex EIllicit Earnings Sources and
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account for half a year each, were
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Annex FIraqi Oil SmugglingCaptured
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ISG Translation of an Oil Sale Cont
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truck to the Turkish border. Althou
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Figure 22. Contractbetween the Nati
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Figure 22. Contractbetween the Nati
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Figure 24. Letter from A.J.Khazamip
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Figure 25 . Second letterfrom A.J.
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Figure 27. Contract forpetroleum pr
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Figure 27. Contract forpetroleum pr
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Figure 29. Contractbetween al Basha
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Figure 29. Contractbetween al Basha
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Figure 31. Telex from aFrench bank
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Figure 32. Unipack ofParis contract
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Figure 33. Telex from VitolGeneva t
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Figure 35. Letter dated 30December
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Annex GIraq’s Banking Systemdid n
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Figure 37. Department,department di
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anks for some transactions in the b
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Page 394 and 395: • UNSCR 1175 also noted that the
Page 396 and 397: Annex ISuspected WMD-Related Dual-U
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Page 402 and 403: Annex JThe Procurement of Conventio
Page 404 and 405: Possible Breaches of UN Sanctions b
Page 406 and 407: Letters Dealing With a Planned Visi
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Page 414 and 415: • The letter also indicates that
Page 416 and 417: • In another letter, SARA-M refer
Page 418 and 419: Possible Belarusian Breaches of UN
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Page 422 and 423: • A recovered contract dated 20 F
Page 424 and 425: 9k38 portable air defense systems (
Page 426 and 427: Annex KSuspected Intermediary andFr
Page 428 and 429: Atera ManufacturingDaei Internation
Page 430 and 431: Annex LProcurement AcronymsAcronymA
Page 432 and 433: IAFIraqi Armed ForcesIDIraqi DinarI
Page 434: TPICTTCUAEUAVUDMHUHFUNUNCCUNDPUNESC
Page 437 and 438: Regime Strategy and WMD Timeline Ev
Page 441: Regime Strategy and WMD Timeline Ev
Page 449: Regime Strategy and WMD Timeline Ev
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