Between Facts and Norms - Contributions to a ... - Blogs Unpad

506Appendix IIculture. At the same time, deliberations in decision-making bodiesmust remain porous to the influx of issues, value orientations,contributions, and programs originating from a political publicsphere unsubverted by power. Only if such an interplay were tomaterialize between institutionalized opinion- and will-formationand informal public communications could citizenship mean moretoday than the aggregation ofprepolitical individual interests andthe passive eoyment of rights bestowed by a paternalistic authority.I cannot go into this model in any further detail here.17Yet, whenwe assess the chances for a future European citizenship, we canglean some empirical clues, at least, from the history of theinstitutionalization of civil rights (in the broad sense) in the nationstate.Clearly, the schema that presents civil rights essentially as theproduct of class struggle is too narrow.18 Other types of socialmovements, above all migrations and wars, have also driven thedevelopment of a full-fledged citizenship status. In addition, factorsthat prompted the juridification of new forms of inclusion alsohad an impact on the political mobilization of the population, thuscontributing to the activation of already existing rights of citizenship.19These and similar findings permit a cautiously optimisticextrapolation of the course that European development couldtake, so that we are not condemned to resignation from the outset.The European market will set in motion a greater horizontalmobility and multiply the contacts among members of differentnationalities. In addition to this, immigration from Eastern Europeand the poverty-stricken regions of the Third World will heightenthe multicultural diversity of society. This will no doubt give rise tosocial tensions. But if those tensions are dealt with productively,they can foster a political mobilization that will give additionalimpetus to the new endogenous social movements already emergentwithin nation-states-I am thinking of the peace, environmental,and women's movements. These tendencies would strengthenthe relevance that public issues have for the lifeworld. At the sametime, there is a growing pressure of problems that can be solvedonly at a coordinated European level. Under these conditions,communication complexes could develop in Europe-wide publicspheres. These publics would provide a favorable context both for