Between Facts and Norms - Contributions to a ... - Blogs Unpad

557Notes to pages 368-37957. J. L. Cohen and A. Arato, Civil Society and Political Theory (Cambridge, Mass.,1992) ' p. 346.58. E. Hankiss, "The Loss of Responsibility," in]. MacLean, A. Montefiori, andP. Winch, eds., The Political Responsibility of Intellectuals (Cambridge, 1990), pp.29-52.59. See Hannah Arendt's communication-theoretic interpretation of totalitarianismin The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York, 1973), pp. 473-78; e.g., pp.473-74, 475: "[Totalitarian government] presses masses of isolated men togetherand supports them in a world that has become a wilderness for them . .. ,in order to set the terror-ruled movement into motion and keep it moving . .. .[It] could not exist without destroying the public realm of life, that is, withoutdestroying, by isolating men, their political capacities. But . .. it is not contentwith this isolation and destroys private life as well."60. Cohen and Arato, Civil Society, p. 531.61. Cohen and Arato, Civil Society, p. 474.62. The classic study on fascism by I. Bibo (Die deutsche Hysterie [Frankfurt amMain, 1991]) already emphasizes this double aspect. Socialism, too, was Janusfaced,looking simultaneously toward the future and the past: in the newindustrial forms of trade, it wanted to rescue the old forces of social integrationfound in the solidary communities of a vanishing preindustrial world. See thetitle essay inj. Habermas, Die nachholende Revolution (Frankfurt am Main, 1990),pp. 179-204.63. J. Habermas, Strukturwandel der Offentlichkeit (Frankfurt am Main, 1990), pp.15-20. For the English, see Habermas, "Further Reflections on the PublicSphere," in Calhoun, Habermas and the Public Sphere, pp. 425-29.64. Gerhards and Neidhardt, Strukturen, p. 27.65. Cohen and Arato, Civil Society, pp. 492-563.66. M. Kaase, "Massenkommunikation und politischer ProzeB," in M. Kaase andW. Schulz, eds., Massenkommunikation, Kolner Zeitschrift fur Soziologie undSozialpsychologie Sonderheft 30 ( 1989): 97-1 17.67. This is primarily true of electronic media, which are most frequently used bya broad public; it must be qualified for newspapers and other media.68. S. Hall, "Encoding and Decoding in TV-Discourse," in Hall, ed., Culture,Media, Language (London, 1980), pp. 128-38; D. Morley, Family Television(London, 1988).69. M. Gurevitch and G. Blumler, "Political Communication Systems and DemocraticValues," in]. Lichtenberg, ed., Democracy and the Mass Media (Cambridge,Mass., 1990), p. 270.70. Cf. the principles for a "regulated pluralism" of the mass media in J. B.Thompson, Ideology and Modern Culture (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 26lff.71.J. Keane advocates a similar "media philosophy" in The Media and Democracy(Cambridge, 1991).