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NotesTranslator's Introduction1. James S. Fishkin, Democracy and Deliberation: New Directions for Democratic Reform(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1991), p. 4; see also Joshua Cohen,"Deliberation and Democratic Legitimacy," in Alan Hamlin and Philip Pettit,eds., The Good Polity (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989), pp. 17-34; Cass R. Sunstein,"Interest Groups in American Public Law," Stanford Law Review 38 ( 1985): 29-87;John S. Dryzek, Discursive Democracy: Politics, Policy, and Political Science (Cambridge:Cam bridge University Press, 1990); Benjamin Barber, Strong Democracy:Participatory Politics for a New Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984) .2. Jiirgen Habermas, Strukturwandel der Ojjentlichkeit: Untersuchungen zu einerKategorie derburgerlichen Gesellschaft (Darmstadt: Luch terhand, 1962); the Englishtranslation appeared only recently: The Structural Transformation of the PublicSphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, trans. Thomas Burger with theassistance of Frederick Lawrence (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1989).3. The Theory of Communicative Action, trans. Thomas McCarthy, 2 vols. (Boston:Beacon, 1984, 1987); hereafter cited as TCA. The German edition first appearedin 1981. For important qualifications, see his "A Reply," in Axel Honneth andHansJoas, eds., Communicative Action: Essays on]urgen Habermas's "The Theory ofCommunicative Action," trans. Jeremy Gaines and Doris L. Jones (Cambridge,Mass.: MIT Press, 1991), pp. 214-64. For an introduction, see Maeve Cooke,Language and Reason: A Study of Habermas 's Pragmatics (Cambridge: MIT Press,1994) .4. H. L.A. Hart provides a good twentieth-century statement of the duality oflawin The Concept of Law (Oxford: Clarendon, 1961). The well-known image of the"bad man's" view of law is from Oliver Wendell Holmes, "The Path of the Law,"in Holmes, Collected Legal Papers (New York: P. Smith, 1952), pp. 167-202, herep. 171.5. Immanuel Kant, The Metaphysical Elements of Justice, trans. John Ladd (NewYork: Macmillan, 1965), p. 34; also p. 35 (translation slightly altered); see also his