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565Notes to pages 444-45891 . J. Habermas, The Past as Future, trans. and ed. M. Pensky (Lincoln, Nebr.,1994) , pp. 8ff.92. R. Knieper, Nationale Souveriinitiit (Frankfurt am Main, 1991) .93 . Preuss, "Verfassungstheoretische Uberlegungen," p. 64.94. Preuss, "Verfassungstheoretische Uberlegungen," p. 73.Postscriptl. This interpretation of Kantian private law is contested by I. Maus, ZurAujkliirung der Demokratietheorie (Frankfurt am Main, 1992) , pp. 148ff.2. J. Rawls, Political Liberalism (New York, 1993).3. Political questions are normally so complex that they require the simultaneoustreatment of pragmatic, ethical, and moral aspects. To be sure, these aspects areonly analytically distinct. Thus my attempt in chap. 4 (pp. 164ff. ) to exemplifYdifferent types of discourses by ordering concrete questions in a linear fashionis misleading.4. Naturally, one must distinguish between morally grounded rights and policies;not all legitimate political programs ground rights. Thus, on the one hand, thereare strong moral grounds for an individual right to political asylum and acorresponding guarantee of legal remedies (which must not be replaced byinstitutional guarantees provided by the state). On the other hand, the individualhas no absolute legal claim to immigration, although Western societiesare indeed morally obligated to uphold a liberal immigration policy. In appendixII, pp. 513ff. , I do not draw these distinctions clearly enough, but see my replyto Charles Taylor, entitled "Struggles for Recognition in the Democratic ConstitutionalState," in A. Gutmann, ed., Multiculturalism (Princeton, 1994) , pp. 107-48.5. 0. HOffe, "Eine Konversion der Kritischen Theorie?" &chtshistorischesjournal12 (1993) : 70-88.6. By this I do not mean to deny the limitations that still exist, especially thosedeficits in German citizenship law (Staatsbiirgerrechts) that have been discussedfor some time in connection with the issues of foreigners' right to vote in localelections and "dual" citizenship; see appendix II, pp. 509ff.7. See the afterword to J. Habermas, The Past as Future, trans. and ed. M. Pensky(Lincoln, Nebr., 1994) , pp. 143-65.8. C. Larmore, "Die Wurzeln radikaler Demokratie," Deutsche Zeitschrift furPhilosophie 41 (1993) : 327 .9. For the conceptual analysis, see chap. 4, sec. 4.1.10. See pp. 157 -68 and pp. 304ff. in this volume.11. See pp. 107ff. in this volume. The idea that a norm deserves universalapproval elucidates what it means for norms of action to be valid in terms of arational acceptability that is not just local. This explication of normative validity