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and his ministers realized. Britain’s survival was not now a foregone
conclusion. Not by any means.
worked. ‘They can do nothing,’ grumbled Kennedy, ‘but complicate thesituation here.’Raymond Lee spent a great deal of time with Donovan and Mowrer,taking them around the south coast defences, introducing them to Churchill,General Brooke and others. Lee had also organized a morale poll of his ownand discovered that, with the exception of the City of London, morale waspretty high in Britain, and, to his surprise, highest among the workers in theindustrial areas. On 2 August, he had a farewell breakfast with Donovan inwhich they had a ‘free and frank’ discussion. Lee was pleased that theyseemed to be of much the same opinion as him: that Britain had better thaneven odds of surviving. Donovan also gave Kennedy a stinging rebuke.‘Well,’ Donovan told Lee as he boarded his plane, ‘I told him before I leftthat the American policy was to help in every way we can and it doesn’thelp these people any to keep telling them that they haven’t got a chance.’Churchill, of course, was delighted by Donovan’s visit. By the timeWild Bill headed back to Washington, there were other small signs ofencouragement too. On 19 July, Roosevelt had been nominated to stand foran unprecedented third term. Should he win, the chances of American entryinto the war would receive a huge boost. Arms and munitions were alsocontinuing to make their way across the Atlantic. Churchill had deliberatelyleft Roosevelt alone since his last appeal for help before the fall of France,but with six weeks gone, with the arrival of Donovan and with the news ofRoosevelt’s nomination, the Prime Minister decided to once again ask forfifty or sixty old destroyers. Large construction work was underwaybuilding new ships but the fruits of these labours would not be ready until1941. He needed the President’s help to stop the gap now.Kennedy remained deeply sceptical. ‘Don’t let anybody make anymistake,’ he wired Roosevelt along with the Prime Minister’s cable, ‘thiswar, from Great Britain’s point of view, is being conducted from now onwith their eyes only on one place, and that is the United States. Unless thereis a miracle, they realize that they haven’t a chance in the long run.’Kennedy was right to add a sober word of caution. Britain was in abetter position than she had been at the end of June, but this was no time forbecoming over-confident. The Luftwaffe, for all its shortcomings, was stilla mighty foe, whilst, with the material benefits gained as a result of Hitler’slightning victories, Germany had far stronger economic legs than Churchill
and his ministers realized. Britain’s survival was not now a foregoneconclusion. Not by any means.
- Page 4:
The author and publisher have provi
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ContentsList of Maps and FiguresNot
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47 Exhaustion48 Last FlightPostscri
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RAF FIGHTER COMMAND ORDER OF BATTLE
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Note on the TextSo as not to cause
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Truly, the Battle of Britain is an
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anticipation of the beginning of ho
- Page 33 and 34:
lower so that at last he could see
- Page 36 and 37:
2The Eve of BattleDAVID CROOK FLEW
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contempt for the French but he did
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had already written Achtung Panzer!
- Page 42 and 43:
Chamberlain, who she wished would b
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An ashen and rather shell-shocked C
- Page 46 and 47:
insignificant, was his close friend
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his secretaries since 1933, when Hi
- Page 50 and 51:
Ardennes. ‘Our reconnaissance bat
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3The Go-for-Broke GambleAT HALF-PAS
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Arriving at Felsennet at around 6 a
- Page 57 and 58:
been poor too. Yet now Hitler wante
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because it ran counter to the more
- Page 61 and 62:
Sedan, ensnaring the bulk of the Al
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British forces all the way to the C
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of the way, he quickly got his two
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4Hook, Line and SinkerGUNNER STAN F
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emphases. An armoured - or panzer -
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telegraphy and portable radio commu
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agreed between the British and Fren
- Page 76 and 77:
attack. Georges was not enthusiasti
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friends, Stan had been greatly reli
- Page 80:
One last effort was made to persuad
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personal photographer, a hospital w
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Germany’s oil and synthetic-rubbe
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and a little over 1,500 twin- or si
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a French area of operations. In fac
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laughing, reporting that Ops were i
- Page 93 and 94:
turned to Kesselring and snarled,
- Page 95 and 96:
someone as passionate about shootin
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were horribly under-armed with just
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310 fighters had been built, and 33
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slopes rose sharply. There were als
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time in the world to reach the Dina
- Page 106 and 107:
Yet although the bulk of Army Group
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Loerzer readily agreed but in the m
- Page 110 and 111:
fire, he dropped his bombs and then
- Page 112 and 113:
‘Joy riding in canoes on the Meus
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groups. That is why I did not forwa
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not have been better. Murrow needed
- Page 119 and 120:
according to Nazi law. ‘There are
- Page 121 and 122:
material, yet Hilda thought little
- Page 123 and 124:
Goebbels held a ‘ministerial conf
- Page 125 and 126:
In 1933, the Volksempfänger (‘pe
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8A Battle Against TimeWHAT WOULD BE
- Page 130 and 131:
election, a National Labour MP. Lik
- Page 132 and 133:
‘Confidentially, I wish I weren
- Page 134 and 135:
Royal Flying Corps to gain his wing
- Page 136 and 137:
committees, too much discussion and
- Page 138 and 139:
The difference with this latest com
- Page 140 and 141:
production problems had been resolv
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9The Battle is LostON 13 MAY, Gener
- Page 145 and 146:
As the unfolding Allied disaster at
- Page 147 and 148:
time to wait for reinforcements. Th
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messages from Gamelin and Georges r
- Page 151 and 152:
Poor French logistics were symptoma
- Page 153 and 154:
perfect mine-laying terrain, while
- Page 156 and 157:
10Emergency MeasuresFROM ALMOST THE
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which raised around 20,000 firearms
- Page 160 and 161:
Columnists,’ says John, ‘and fr
- Page 162 and 163:
been in a mess together before and
- Page 164 and 165:
England will never give up so long
- Page 166:
maintain his position as a reluctan
- Page 169 and 170:
there, Hajo began his flying missio
- Page 171 and 172:
JG 2 decided to give him a chance t
- Page 173 and 174:
David Crook had been during his fir
- Page 175 and 176:
Günther’s Curtiss go down in a s
- Page 177 and 178:
Siegfried Bethke, for example, and
- Page 179 and 180:
locomotives and shipping were conve
- Page 181 and 182:
restructured the Luftwaffe in early
- Page 183:
178, whose maiden flight was in Jun
- Page 186 and 187:
side of the River Rhine, and within
- Page 188 and 189:
Larry and his crew were airborne at
- Page 190 and 191:
Incredibly, he made it back, but it
- Page 192 and 193:
and the rest of the flight arrived
- Page 194 and 195:
One person who was certainly taking
- Page 196:
Daladier and Gamelin, Churchill, fo
- Page 199 and 200:
should that be the case: to fall ba
- Page 201 and 202:
were all more or less now in line w
- Page 203 and 204:
hearing news that things were looki
- Page 205 and 206:
enjoyed spending considerable time,
- Page 207:
considerations, long-term plans, fo
- Page 210 and 211:
other words, less than a division,
- Page 212 and 213:
short way, taking over part of the
- Page 214 and 215:
had seemed like an impossibly long
- Page 216 and 217:
rumour. At the farmhouse where the
- Page 218 and 219:
the banks of the Escaut at Tournai
- Page 220 and 221:
Rundstedt, a conservative, agreed w
- Page 222 and 223:
wondered Pownall. ‘It seems almos
- Page 225 and 226:
15Fighter Command Enters the FrayTH
- Page 227 and 228:
the new demands on Fighter Command
- Page 229 and 230:
at him, but on Tony’s second burs
- Page 231 and 232:
Three and a half years later, he wa
- Page 233 and 234:
Tommy was that should Britain be le
- Page 235:
also the Italians to consider. On 1
- Page 238 and 239:
when this was completed, and having
- Page 240 and 241:
as a new order, and it meant von Ru
- Page 242 and 243:
the Canal Line, so instead Gort dec
- Page 244 and 245:
‘I agree that this point is worth
- Page 246 and 247:
minutes later. At about 4 p.m., Rey
- Page 248:
majority of the War Cabinet agreed
- Page 251 and 252:
Shipping had met Ramsay at Dover on
- Page 253 and 254:
Only once the raiders had passed di
- Page 255 and 256:
Oskar tried to follow but failed. C
- Page 257 and 258:
spires of northern France. Hans was
- Page 259 and 260:
shirked his new responsibilities. T
- Page 261 and 262:
to consider any terms offered by Hi
- Page 264 and 265:
18Dunkirk: The Beginning‘WE NOW A
- Page 266 and 267:
Lord Gort, meanwhile, finally caugh
- Page 268 and 269:
a bandage. He and his men were filt
- Page 270 and 271:
It was typically stirring stuff, bu
- Page 272 and 273:
caught fire. Huge clouds of thick,
- Page 274 and 275:
After that episode, they had sunk a
- Page 277 and 278:
19Dunkirk: In the BalanceON THE AFT
- Page 279:
was the easternmost point of the Br
- Page 282 and 283:
The Germans, he told them, were now
- Page 284 and 285:
Squadrons were also moved around fr
- Page 286 and 287:
rain - but no wind. The Channel rem
- Page 288 and 289:
at Bray. Sid saw queues of people f
- Page 291 and 292:
20Dunkirk: The MiddleTHERE WAS STIL
- Page 293 and 294:
that had made him determined to joi
- Page 295 and 296:
attacking around Bergues, it report
- Page 298 and 299:
It was not, however, for Lieutenant
- Page 300:
George Oakley was not so lucky, how
- Page 303:
Stan might have been safe, but thos
- Page 306 and 307:
artillery, while holding the line i
- Page 308 and 309:
the ship - there was a sharp flash
- Page 310 and 311:
Then suddenly he heard a loud crack
- Page 312 and 313:
circled, dropping flares that hung
- Page 314 and 315:
fall back at round 4.30 p.m. that a
- Page 316 and 317:
having first crossed the decks of t
- Page 320 and 321:
22What Next?THE RAF HAD continued t
- Page 322 and 323:
It was with this in mind that beach
- Page 324 and 325:
Yet although the Government was now
- Page 326 and 327:
Göring had dismissed such plans. T
- Page 328 and 329:
intact but then came up against the
- Page 331 and 332:
23The End in FranceAT 8 A.M. EXACTL
- Page 333 and 334:
manned the U-boats were tough, hard
- Page 335 and 336:
Colville, ‘who referred to our tr
- Page 337 and 338:
The British were determined to pres
- Page 339 and 340:
would agree to join the fight. If t
- Page 341 and 342:
all France’s arms contracts in th
- Page 344 and 345:
24Hitler’s DilemmaWHEN HITLER HEA
- Page 346 and 347:
generous. He told Mussolini he had
- Page 348 and 349:
nation of German peoples rather tha
- Page 350 and 351:
Japan and Italy were not prepared t
- Page 352 and 353:
purges of 1936-7 in which the Red A
- Page 354 and 355:
How the tables had now turned. In t
- Page 357 and 358:
25All AloneIN BRITAIN, THE NEWS tha
- Page 359 and 360:
remember cheering when France colla
- Page 361 and 362:
them badly.’‘The President can
- Page 363 and 364:
prevalent gloom. One’s worst fear
- Page 365 and 366:
But however hemmed in and threatene
- Page 367:
landed in England on 22 June. About
- Page 370 and 371:
allowing nothing to get in the way
- Page 372 and 373:
colleagues and displaying single-mi
- Page 374 and 375:
was the loss of nearly 300 pilots i
- Page 376 and 377:
for approval to spend development m
- Page 378 and 379:
when minds were focused. Britain’
- Page 381 and 382:
27
- Page 383 and 384:
well; indeed, many were friends.
- Page 385 and 386:
defensive measures to guard against
- Page 387 and 388:
Following Munich and the instigatio
- Page 389 and 390:
continually refined his estimates,
- Page 391 and 392:
neither hit, although one did explo
- Page 394 and 395:
28Bringing It All TogetherIN EARLY
- Page 396 and 397:
of Britain’s southern coastline a
- Page 398 and 399:
least his Luftflotten would have bu
- Page 400 and 401:
would light up from the transmissio
- Page 402 and 403:
pilots. On the wall opposite the co
- Page 404:
and Balloon Command. Each had his p
- Page 407 and 408:
Trouble at Sea: Part 2ON 3 JULY, TH
- Page 409 and 410:
dive-bombed. Flaming ships flounder
- Page 411 and 412:
‘Me, sir!’ Ron replied.‘We’
- Page 413 and 414:
destroying British merchant trade t
- Page 415 and 416: attention to Hartlepool. Because of
- Page 418 and 419: 30Crooked LegBY THE END OF the Fren
- Page 420 and 421: distraught and begged Ulrich to get
- Page 422 and 423: of taking the attack to England, JG
- Page 424 and 425: with their own units in the air, bu
- Page 426 and 427: ordination. ‘Our communications,
- Page 428 and 429: pointing in slightly different dire
- Page 432 and 433: 31First CombatIT HAD BEEN A miserab
- Page 434 and 435: The only solution was to send half
- Page 436 and 437: three Me 110s bearing down on him.
- Page 438 and 439: distracted by thinking about their
- Page 440 and 441: been based at Boscombe Down and had
- Page 442 and 443: Tall, good-looking, with a floppy m
- Page 444: began to heat up, as surely it now
- Page 447 and 448: Britain would not now roll over. An
- Page 449 and 450: either of their doctrines. For most
- Page 451 and 452: standing of the person who had give
- Page 453 and 454: of Fighter Command; indeed, he did
- Page 455: Before Halifax broadcast his reply,
- Page 458 and 459: war. Somehow, almost overnight, the
- Page 460 and 461: evacuation of the BEF, his position
- Page 462 and 463: Germany. Towards the end of June a
- Page 464 and 465: Hugh Dalton, the Minister for Econo
- Page 469 and 470: 34Hotting UpJUST AFTER 5 A.M., on W
- Page 471 and 472: The third Gruppe of JG 52 had reach
- Page 473 and 474: The next day, Thursday, 25 July, wa
- Page 475 and 476: been fearsome, but the pilots simpl
- Page 477 and 478: upon British shipping. A destroyer
- Page 479 and 480: unnecessary and avoidable, and at t
- Page 482 and 483: 35Bombs on Germany, Bomben auf Engl
- Page 484 and 485: of exploding flak could prove letha
- Page 486 and 487: them and from that get a fix. Larry
- Page 488 and 489: altimeter he could see 2,300 metres
- Page 490 and 491: there were still to be no bombings
- Page 492: plans only, a fall-back and nothing
- Page 496 and 497: ashore in the initial attack, incre
- Page 498 and 499: But there was another considerable
- Page 500 and 501: took pride in the fact that they we
- Page 502 and 503: Britain’s coastal lifeline. Despi
- Page 504 and 505: This was a perfectly sensible plan,
- Page 506 and 507: because the engines were to the sid
- Page 508: however, all the pilots made it bac
- Page 511 and 512: flown his first missions over Engla
- Page 513 and 514: Two hundred yards away was HMS Vict
- Page 515 and 516: darting tracer, four Dorniers were
- Page 517 and 518:
The cloud did begin to clear as the
- Page 519 and 520:
David’s section was flying slight
- Page 522 and 523:
38The Biggest Air BattleTHE PREVIOU
- Page 524 and 525:
much on edge,’ noted Jock Colvill
- Page 526 and 527:
There were, for example, forty Free
- Page 528 and 529:
signalling to his groundcrew to sta
- Page 530 and 531:
suffered at Ventnor, which would ha
- Page 532 and 533:
he pressed himself forward to count
- Page 534 and 535:
all the British fighters would be i
- Page 536 and 537:
could see for ever. All of England
- Page 538:
It was now too late. Suddenly the a
- Page 541 and 542:
further afield. The Luftwaffe’s r
- Page 543 and 544:
who was flying Tom’s Hurricane. A
- Page 545 and 546:
casualties, few people were being k
- Page 547 and 548:
Eventually emerging from the mêlé
- Page 549 and 550:
Pete, who shot down his second conf
- Page 551:
throughout the whole of August only
- Page 554 and 555:
he noted, ‘we had no insight into
- Page 556 and 557:
design of four independently functi
- Page 558 and 559:
effective attacks had been by a lon
- Page 560 and 561:
they actually got to it. Since Knic
- Page 562:
factory where Hilda Müller worked.
- Page 565 and 566:
the German fighter airfields of Gui
- Page 567 and 568:
at Farnborough of two intact Me 109
- Page 569 and 570:
turn. The theoretically minimum tur
- Page 571 and 572:
his 109 when he took off and sudden
- Page 573 and 574:
the Hurricanes and Spitfires was fu
- Page 575 and 576:
the RAF at seventeen, he had later,
- Page 578 and 579:
42Breaking PointIN CHURCHILL’S SP
- Page 580 and 581:
be mortal” if allowed to get out
- Page 582 and 583:
being knocked down, the German rear
- Page 584 and 585:
they wanted a warm jacket, then the
- Page 586 and 587:
been proved already. The raiders ha
- Page 588 and 589:
such as these. Almost exactly a yea
- Page 590:
further operation. It meant sending
- Page 593 and 594:
‘Don’t let America,’ added Be
- Page 595 and 596:
a very contented life near the Balt
- Page 597 and 598:
number of existing airfields, and o
- Page 599 and 600:
the way forward and the only tactic
- Page 601 and 602:
pillars of smoke rising into the sk
- Page 603 and 604:
In London that afternoon was RV Jon
- Page 605 and 606:
George Barclay had force-landed som
- Page 608 and 609:
44Summer MadnessSATURDAY, 7 SEPTEMB
- Page 610 and 611:
sobbed quite openly, the tears stre
- Page 612 and 613:
difficulties of flying in a large f
- Page 614 and 615:
so he stayed at Pembrey, too excite
- Page 616 and 617:
which had already been lit by the d
- Page 618 and 619:
allowed to go out on benders if the
- Page 620 and 621:
extraordinarily calm in the plane,
- Page 623 and 624:
45The Crux‘THERE’S NO WORD I ca
- Page 625 and 626:
England is, of course,’ he told t
- Page 627 and 628:
have too few pilots,’ said anothe
- Page 629 and 630:
counterparts had been given. It was
- Page 631 and 632:
At Biggin Hill, most of 92 Squadron
- Page 633 and 634:
‘Hello, Gannic. Gannic Leader. Ca
- Page 635 and 636:
and saw he was dangerously low on f
- Page 637 and 638:
Once again, the Prime Minister watc
- Page 640 and 641:
46WolfpackAS IT HAPPENED, the fadin
- Page 642 and 643:
Across the Channel, the pilots had
- Page 644 and 645:
convoys. Having had another success
- Page 646 and 647:
losses are assuming serious proport
- Page 648 and 649:
as the British are taking it.’ In
- Page 650 and 651:
finally driven back to Biggin Hill,
- Page 652 and 653:
‘There was a terrific explosion a
- Page 655 and 656:
47ExhaustionON 19 SEPTEMBER, Church
- Page 657 and 658:
‘They were frightful old chaps -
- Page 659 and 660:
across the Channel to shoot at shad
- Page 661 and 662:
achieving air superiority. On 4 Oct
- Page 663 and 664:
two tin legs had still returned to
- Page 665:
Salmond’s report, he ticked three
- Page 668 and 669:
little, then suddenly the jolting s
- Page 670 and 671:
Thames estuary below - he thought h
- Page 672:
But then the moment passed as he be
- Page 675 and 676:
telegram announcing that John was m
- Page 677 and 678:
1940, the Luftwaffe had lost 3,701
- Page 679 and 680:
was grossly incompetent. Nor did th
- Page 681 and 682:
finally joined the fight, and in th
- Page 683 and 684:
Zumbach survived, but with no Polan
- Page 685 and 686:
masterpiece, The Rise and Fall of t
- Page 688:
ABOUT THE AUTHORJames Holland was b
- Page 691 and 692:
thank you for all your huge help. I
- Page 693:
Sheila Lee, Larry Finlay, Katrina W
- Page 696 and 697:
Steele, Joe, HMT Dalmatia and Darth
- Page 698 and 699:
Beamont, Roland, My Part of the Sky
- Page 700 and 701:
D’Este, Carlo, Warlord: A Life of
- Page 702 and 703:
—, Göring (Macmillan, 1989)—,
- Page 704 and 705:
Orange, Vincent, Dowding of Fighter
- Page 706 and 707:
Vansittart, The Rt. Hon. Lord, Less
- Page 708 and 709:
Blair, Clay, Hitler’s U-Boat War:
- Page 710 and 711:
Dallek, Robert, Franklin D. Rooseve
- Page 712 and 713:
Goss, Chris, Brothers in Arms: The
- Page 714 and 715:
Lampe, David, The Last Ditch: Brita
- Page 716 and 717:
Otter, Patrick, Yorkshire Airfields
- Page 718 and 719:
Shirer, William L., The Rise and Fa
- Page 720 and 721:
Wheeler-Bennett, Sir John (ed.), Ac
- Page 722:
Schmider, Klaus, ‘The Last of the
- Page 725 and 726:
Bethke, Siegfried, I/JG 2 (c/o Chri
- Page 727 and 728:
‘And then what…in any case’ G
- Page 729 and 730:
‘at this extremely grievous and f
- Page 731 and 732:
13. New Appointments‘I am exhaust
- Page 733 and 734:
‘It is all a first-class mess-up
- Page 735 and 736:
‘On political grounds…’ WSC,
- Page 737 and 738:
‘Well, it boils down to this…
- Page 739 and 740:
‘Warmwell possessed…’ TNA AIR
- Page 741 and 742:
‘Recent reports and information
- Page 743 and 744:
‘Atmosphere cheerful…’ Cocket
- Page 745 and 746:
‘Nobody was keen…’ IWM 26952
- Page 747:
‘I still think this war…’ JPK
- Page 751 and 752:
IndexThe index that appeared in the
- Page 753 and 754:
and 15 September raid303 Kociuszko
- Page 755 and 756:
airfield repairsAlanbrooke, Viscoun
- Page 757 and 758:
Hurricane action at Louvainon sleep
- Page 759 and 760:
Blumentritt, General GüntherBob, H
- Page 761 and 762:
trapped near coastBritsum, hit by S
- Page 763 and 764:
Chiefs of Staffanticipate immediate
- Page 765 and 766:
on Churchill’s no surrender speec
- Page 767 and 768:
Dietrich, Obergruppenführer Sepp,
- Page 769 and 770:
1st Panzer sent toBEF withdrawal to
- Page 771 and 772:
Fairey Battlesat SedanFall Gelb (Ca
- Page 773 and 774:
and invasion defenceson pointless a
- Page 775 and 776:
Geschwader commanderon Beppo Schmid
- Page 777 and 778:
lost interestmeetings at Carinhallo
- Page 779 and 780:
Harding, Plt Off GeoffHargreaves, N
- Page 781 and 782:
HMS VictoryHMS Wakeful, lost at Dun
- Page 783 and 784:
Jabo pilotsJackson, Andrewand Berli
- Page 785 and 786:
and Canal Line consolidationand hal
- Page 787 and 788:
London Treaty Submarine ProtocolLon
- Page 789 and 790:
KG 4KG 51KG 54LuftflotteLuftflotteL
- Page 791 and 792:
29th Minesweeping FlotillaRoyal Nav
- Page 793 and 794:
Northolt, 609 SquadronNorway, defea
- Page 795 and 796:
Panzer Group Kleistat Canal Lineatt
- Page 797 and 798:
invasion, attitudesPoling RDF stati
- Page 799 and 800:
Reims ChampagneReinhardt, General G
- Page 801 and 802:
KenleyRudorrfer, FeldwebelRuhr Vall
- Page 803 and 804:
Soviet UnionGermany andinvasionreac
- Page 805 and 806:
technologyBritish army andBritish s
- Page 807 and 808:
Vassincourt, 1 SquadronVentnor RDF
- Page 809:
Zerstörers (Me 110s)92 Squadron an
- Page 812:
1 SD was the Nazi abbreviation of t
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