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The author and publisher have provi
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ContentsList of Maps and FiguresNot
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47 Exhaustion48 Last FlightPostscri
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RAF FIGHTER COMMAND ORDER OF BATTLE
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Note on the TextSo as not to cause
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Truly, the Battle of Britain is an
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anticipation of the beginning of ho
- Page 33 and 34:
lower so that at last he could see
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2The Eve of BattleDAVID CROOK FLEW
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contempt for the French but he did
- Page 40 and 41:
had already written Achtung Panzer!
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Chamberlain, who she wished would b
- Page 44 and 45:
An ashen and rather shell-shocked C
- Page 46 and 47:
insignificant, was his close friend
- Page 48 and 49:
his secretaries since 1933, when Hi
- Page 50 and 51:
Ardennes. ‘Our reconnaissance bat
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3The Go-for-Broke GambleAT HALF-PAS
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Arriving at Felsennet at around 6 a
- Page 57 and 58:
been poor too. Yet now Hitler wante
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because it ran counter to the more
- Page 61 and 62:
Sedan, ensnaring the bulk of the Al
- Page 63 and 64:
British forces all the way to the C
- Page 65 and 66:
of the way, he quickly got his two
- Page 68 and 69:
4Hook, Line and SinkerGUNNER STAN F
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emphases. An armoured - or panzer -
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telegraphy and portable radio commu
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agreed between the British and Fren
- Page 76 and 77:
attack. Georges was not enthusiasti
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friends, Stan had been greatly reli
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One last effort was made to persuad
- Page 83 and 84:
personal photographer, a hospital w
- Page 85 and 86:
Germany’s oil and synthetic-rubbe
- Page 87 and 88:
and a little over 1,500 twin- or si
- Page 89 and 90:
a French area of operations. In fac
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laughing, reporting that Ops were i
- Page 93 and 94:
turned to Kesselring and snarled,
- Page 95 and 96:
someone as passionate about shootin
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were horribly under-armed with just
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310 fighters had been built, and 33
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slopes rose sharply. There were als
- Page 104 and 105:
time in the world to reach the Dina
- Page 106 and 107:
Yet although the bulk of Army Group
- Page 108 and 109:
Loerzer readily agreed but in the m
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fire, he dropped his bombs and then
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‘Joy riding in canoes on the Meus
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groups. That is why I did not forwa
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not have been better. Murrow needed
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according to Nazi law. ‘There are
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material, yet Hilda thought little
- Page 123 and 124:
Goebbels held a ‘ministerial conf
- Page 125 and 126:
In 1933, the Volksempfänger (‘pe
- Page 128 and 129:
8A Battle Against TimeWHAT WOULD BE
- Page 130 and 131:
election, a National Labour MP. Lik
- Page 132 and 133:
‘Confidentially, I wish I weren
- Page 134 and 135:
Royal Flying Corps to gain his wing
- Page 136 and 137:
committees, too much discussion and
- Page 138 and 139:
The difference with this latest com
- Page 140 and 141:
production problems had been resolv
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9The Battle is LostON 13 MAY, Gener
- Page 145 and 146:
As the unfolding Allied disaster at
- Page 147 and 148:
time to wait for reinforcements. Th
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messages from Gamelin and Georges r
- Page 151 and 152:
Poor French logistics were symptoma
- Page 153 and 154:
perfect mine-laying terrain, while
- Page 156 and 157:
10Emergency MeasuresFROM ALMOST THE
- Page 158 and 159:
which raised around 20,000 firearms
- Page 160 and 161:
Columnists,’ says John, ‘and fr
- Page 162 and 163:
been in a mess together before and
- Page 164 and 165:
England will never give up so long
- Page 166:
maintain his position as a reluctan
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there, Hajo began his flying missio
- Page 171 and 172:
JG 2 decided to give him a chance t
- Page 173 and 174:
David Crook had been during his fir
- Page 175 and 176:
Günther’s Curtiss go down in a s
- Page 177 and 178:
Siegfried Bethke, for example, and
- Page 179 and 180:
locomotives and shipping were conve
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restructured the Luftwaffe in early
- Page 183:
178, whose maiden flight was in Jun
- Page 186 and 187:
side of the River Rhine, and within
- Page 188 and 189:
Larry and his crew were airborne at
- Page 190 and 191:
Incredibly, he made it back, but it
- Page 192 and 193:
and the rest of the flight arrived
- Page 194 and 195:
One person who was certainly taking
- Page 196:
Daladier and Gamelin, Churchill, fo
- Page 199 and 200:
should that be the case: to fall ba
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were all more or less now in line w
- Page 203 and 204:
hearing news that things were looki
- Page 205 and 206:
enjoyed spending considerable time,
- Page 207:
considerations, long-term plans, fo
- Page 210 and 211:
other words, less than a division,
- Page 212 and 213:
short way, taking over part of the
- Page 214 and 215:
had seemed like an impossibly long
- Page 216 and 217:
rumour. At the farmhouse where the
- Page 218 and 219:
the banks of the Escaut at Tournai
- Page 220 and 221:
Rundstedt, a conservative, agreed w
- Page 222 and 223:
wondered Pownall. ‘It seems almos
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15Fighter Command Enters the FrayTH
- Page 227 and 228:
the new demands on Fighter Command
- Page 229 and 230:
at him, but on Tony’s second burs
- Page 231 and 232:
Three and a half years later, he wa
- Page 233 and 234:
Tommy was that should Britain be le
- Page 235:
also the Italians to consider. On 1
- Page 238 and 239:
when this was completed, and having
- Page 240 and 241:
as a new order, and it meant von Ru
- Page 242 and 243:
the Canal Line, so instead Gort dec
- Page 244 and 245:
‘I agree that this point is worth
- Page 246 and 247:
minutes later. At about 4 p.m., Rey
- Page 248:
majority of the War Cabinet agreed
- Page 251 and 252:
Shipping had met Ramsay at Dover on
- Page 253 and 254:
Only once the raiders had passed di
- Page 255 and 256:
Oskar tried to follow but failed. C
- Page 257 and 258:
spires of northern France. Hans was
- Page 259 and 260:
shirked his new responsibilities. T
- Page 261 and 262:
to consider any terms offered by Hi
- Page 264 and 265:
18Dunkirk: The Beginning‘WE NOW A
- Page 266 and 267:
Lord Gort, meanwhile, finally caugh
- Page 268 and 269:
a bandage. He and his men were filt
- Page 270 and 271:
It was typically stirring stuff, bu
- Page 272 and 273:
caught fire. Huge clouds of thick,
- Page 274 and 275:
After that episode, they had sunk a
- Page 277 and 278:
19Dunkirk: In the BalanceON THE AFT
- Page 279:
was the easternmost point of the Br
- Page 282 and 283:
The Germans, he told them, were now
- Page 284 and 285:
Squadrons were also moved around fr
- Page 286 and 287:
rain - but no wind. The Channel rem
- Page 288 and 289:
at Bray. Sid saw queues of people f
- Page 291 and 292:
20Dunkirk: The MiddleTHERE WAS STIL
- Page 293 and 294:
that had made him determined to joi
- Page 295 and 296:
attacking around Bergues, it report
- Page 298 and 299:
It was not, however, for Lieutenant
- Page 300:
George Oakley was not so lucky, how
- Page 303:
Stan might have been safe, but thos
- Page 306 and 307:
artillery, while holding the line i
- Page 308 and 309:
the ship - there was a sharp flash
- Page 310 and 311:
Then suddenly he heard a loud crack
- Page 312 and 313:
circled, dropping flares that hung
- Page 314 and 315:
fall back at round 4.30 p.m. that a
- Page 316 and 317:
having first crossed the decks of t
- Page 320 and 321:
22What Next?THE RAF HAD continued t
- Page 322 and 323:
It was with this in mind that beach
- Page 324 and 325:
Yet although the Government was now
- Page 326 and 327:
Göring had dismissed such plans. T
- Page 328 and 329:
intact but then came up against the
- Page 331 and 332:
23The End in FranceAT 8 A.M. EXACTL
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manned the U-boats were tough, hard
- Page 335 and 336:
Colville, ‘who referred to our tr
- Page 337 and 338:
The British were determined to pres
- Page 339 and 340:
would agree to join the fight. If t
- Page 341 and 342:
all France’s arms contracts in th
- Page 344 and 345:
24Hitler’s DilemmaWHEN HITLER HEA
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generous. He told Mussolini he had
- Page 348 and 349:
nation of German peoples rather tha
- Page 350 and 351:
Japan and Italy were not prepared t
- Page 352 and 353:
purges of 1936-7 in which the Red A
- Page 354 and 355:
How the tables had now turned. In t
- Page 357 and 358:
25All AloneIN BRITAIN, THE NEWS tha
- Page 359 and 360:
remember cheering when France colla
- Page 361 and 362:
them badly.’‘The President can
- Page 363 and 364:
prevalent gloom. One’s worst fear
- Page 365 and 366:
But however hemmed in and threatene
- Page 367:
landed in England on 22 June. About
- Page 370 and 371:
allowing nothing to get in the way
- Page 372 and 373:
colleagues and displaying single-mi
- Page 374 and 375:
was the loss of nearly 300 pilots i
- Page 376 and 377:
for approval to spend development m
- Page 378 and 379:
when minds were focused. Britain’
- Page 381 and 382:
27
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well; indeed, many were friends.
- Page 385 and 386:
defensive measures to guard against
- Page 387 and 388:
Following Munich and the instigatio
- Page 389 and 390:
continually refined his estimates,
- Page 391 and 392:
neither hit, although one did explo
- Page 394 and 395:
28Bringing It All TogetherIN EARLY
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of Britain’s southern coastline a
- Page 398 and 399:
least his Luftflotten would have bu
- Page 400 and 401:
would light up from the transmissio
- Page 402 and 403:
pilots. On the wall opposite the co
- Page 404:
and Balloon Command. Each had his p
- Page 407 and 408:
Trouble at Sea: Part 2ON 3 JULY, TH
- Page 409 and 410:
dive-bombed. Flaming ships flounder
- Page 411 and 412:
‘Me, sir!’ Ron replied.‘We’
- Page 413 and 414:
destroying British merchant trade t
- Page 415 and 416:
attention to Hartlepool. Because of
- Page 418 and 419: 30Crooked LegBY THE END OF the Fren
- Page 420 and 421: distraught and begged Ulrich to get
- Page 422 and 423: of taking the attack to England, JG
- Page 424 and 425: with their own units in the air, bu
- Page 426 and 427: ordination. ‘Our communications,
- Page 428 and 429: pointing in slightly different dire
- Page 432 and 433: 31First CombatIT HAD BEEN A miserab
- Page 434 and 435: The only solution was to send half
- Page 436 and 437: three Me 110s bearing down on him.
- Page 438 and 439: distracted by thinking about their
- Page 440 and 441: been based at Boscombe Down and had
- Page 442 and 443: Tall, good-looking, with a floppy m
- Page 444: began to heat up, as surely it now
- Page 447 and 448: Britain would not now roll over. An
- Page 449 and 450: either of their doctrines. For most
- Page 451 and 452: standing of the person who had give
- Page 453 and 454: of Fighter Command; indeed, he did
- Page 455: Before Halifax broadcast his reply,
- Page 458 and 459: war. Somehow, almost overnight, the
- Page 460 and 461: evacuation of the BEF, his position
- Page 462 and 463: Germany. Towards the end of June a
- Page 464 and 465: Hugh Dalton, the Minister for Econo
- Page 466 and 467: worked. ‘They can do nothing,’
- Page 470 and 471: standing up, another sitting, and t
- Page 472 and 473: Staffel commander, Herbert Fermer,
- Page 474 and 475: take his theoretical work seriously
- Page 476 and 477: Meanwhile, both 54 and 64 Squadrons
- Page 478 and 479: was accepted that Dover should no l
- Page 480: although largely because Fighter Co
- Page 483 and 484: resources. In any case, it was the
- Page 485 and 486: ‘Getting bombs onto the target wa
- Page 487 and 488: on which William Shirer was one of
- Page 489 and 490: was another bang of flak. Darting b
- Page 491 and 492: other hand, he had to consider the
- Page 495 and 496: 36The Wall of EnglandTHE NEWLY PROM
- Page 497 and 498: All this Raeder repeated at the Fü
- Page 499 and 500: at different heights, and many floa
- Page 501 and 502: cutters, which would then sever the
- Page 503 and 504: been held there over the ensuing da
- Page 505 and 506: August Dowding had fifty-eight squa
- Page 507 and 508: Now, at a little before 11 a.m., Fr
- Page 510 and 511: 37AdlertagWHEN ULRICH STEINHILPER t
- Page 512 and 513: Around 8 a.m., Walter was leading h
- Page 514 and 515: destroy than had originally been ex
- Page 516 and 517: The unexpected cloud had not preven
- Page 518 and 519:
about this,’ he noted, ‘though
- Page 520:
Back at Dinard, the grim truth was
- Page 523 and 524:
intrigues was not to his taste. One
- Page 525 and 526:
told him on reading the terms about
- Page 527 and 528:
noted Jan, ‘when all of us had al
- Page 529 and 530:
Although Luftwaffe claims remained
- Page 531 and 532:
officer, said, ‘Ah, Herr Oberst,
- Page 533 and 534:
and threes, the pilots heard the co
- Page 535 and 536:
crossing the sky, sometimes an airc
- Page 537 and 538:
Walter and his men were now in deep
- Page 540 and 541:
39The Hardest DayON 14 AUGUST, Gene
- Page 542 and 543:
great deal very quickly and it was
- Page 544 and 545:
raiders had attempted to hit Odiham
- Page 546 and 547:
‘There they are!’ exclaimed Moy
- Page 548 and 549:
Stumbling backwards he was struck b
- Page 550 and 551:
gushed through the gap and suddenly
- Page 553 and 554:
40Bombs on BerlinHILDA MÜLLER MIGH
- Page 555 and 556:
Udet had become fixated with the id
- Page 557 and 558:
had been a major disaster. As of no
- Page 559 and 560:
disposal to the defeat of the enemy
- Page 561 and 562:
at the limits of their range, strug
- Page 564 and 565:
41Tactics and TechnicalitiesWHILE T
- Page 566 and 567:
in his chest, but as he had pushed
- Page 568 and 569:
109 could out-dive the British figh
- Page 570 and 571:
although its roots were much narrow
- Page 572 and 573:
worry about bullet convergence - a
- Page 574 and 575:
his staff viewed the Zerstörers me
- Page 576:
but it was certainly a proportion.
- Page 579 and 580:
200, or Condor, as it was known - w
- Page 581 and 582:
land - gliding distance from the co
- Page 583 and 584:
Helmut Wick. The next day, during a
- Page 585 and 586:
formations, some simply to patrol t
- Page 587 and 588:
August were beginning to be keenly
- Page 589 and 590:
posted to Mordyck and he and the tw
- Page 592 and 593:
43Black SaturdayON 28 AUGUST, Colon
- Page 594 and 595:
regardless of the detrimental effec
- Page 596 and 597:
prospects looked grim, but welcomed
- Page 598 and 599:
The day before, Reichsmarschall Her
- Page 600 and 601:
surge towards him. Now he was firin
- Page 602 and 603:
before they began dropping their bo
- Page 604 and 605:
down. Totally spent. Since breakfas
- Page 606:
Raymond Lee had gone out to dinner
- Page 609 and 610:
aircraft line. ‘We made up a barr
- Page 611 and 612:
told they just ‘volunteered’ to
- Page 613 and 614:
‘We touch down,’ he wrote, ‘t
- Page 615 and 616:
items including a spare parachute,
- Page 617 and 618:
wartime is something that cannot be
- Page 619 and 620:
foot when the telephone went.’ Be
- Page 621:
there was the loss of your colleagu
- Page 624 and 625:
he noted, ‘that, until the sirens
- Page 626 and 627:
‘That’s where you are wrong,’
- Page 628 and 629:
aircraft. Every night they were the
- Page 630 and 631:
however, poor weather once again pr
- Page 632 and 633:
Park had sensed something was up; t
- Page 634 and 635:
Hurricane, even with the aileron no
- Page 636 and 637:
with an odd weaving walk. Jan thoug
- Page 638:
turning - or ‘windmilling’ - be
- Page 641 and 642:
intercept service we know that thei
- Page 643 and 644:
and see more clearly. Furthermore,
- Page 645 and 646:
At 3.16 a.m. on the morning of 21 S
- Page 647 and 648:
particularly successful trip to att
- Page 649 and 650:
The prospects do not look good for
- Page 651 and 652:
It took them ten minutes of intense
- Page 653:
erred with his navigation, crossing
- Page 656 and 657:
various Americans to get more pictu
- Page 658 and 659:
Kanalkrankheit - the combat fatigue
- Page 660 and 661:
Peter Stahl was flying over London
- Page 662 and 663:
This did not make his position impr
- Page 664 and 665:
Leigh-Mallory had the support of Sh
- Page 667 and 668:
48Last FlightON THE LAST SUNDAY in
- Page 669 and 670:
A pattern had emerged in this lates
- Page 671 and 672:
have to jump. Having sent a last me
- Page 674 and 675:
PostscriptLATER ON THE AFTERNOON of
- Page 676 and 677:
Douglas and with Leigh-Mallory brea
- Page 678 and 679:
watching the giant raids over south
- Page 680 and 681:
line, but there were many thousands
- Page 682 and 683:
the Mediterranean and served in Nor
- Page 684 and 685:
eventually returned to Germany and
- Page 686:
others, has gained an iconic revere
- Page 690 and 691:
AcknowledgementsThis book has been
- Page 692 and 693:
steered me in the right direction o
- Page 695 and 696:
SourcesPersonal testimoniesAuthor I
- Page 697 and 698:
Maier, Klaus A., et al., Germany an
- Page 699 and 700:
Bullitt, Orville H. (ed.), For the
- Page 701 and 702:
Gilbert, Martin, Finest Hour: Winst
- Page 703 and 704:
Lee, Asher, Goering: Air Leader (Du
- Page 705 and 706:
Self, Robert, Neville Chamberlain (
- Page 707 and 708:
—, Pilot’s Notes Spitfire IIA a
- Page 709 and 710:
Caldwell, Donald, The JG 26 War Dia
- Page 711 and 712:
Engel, Major Gerhard, At the Heart
- Page 713 and 714:
Hooton, E.R., Eagle in Flames: The
- Page 715 and 716:
Ministry of Information, British Co
- Page 717 and 718:
Raymond, Squadron Leader R., and Sq
- Page 719 and 720:
Tangye, Squadron Leader Nigel, Teac
- Page 721 and 722:
Caddick-Adams, Peter, ‘Anglo-Fren
- Page 724 and 725:
NotesAbbreviationsAFRHA Air Force R
- Page 726 and 727:
ReferencesIntroduction‘The Battle
- Page 728 and 729:
‘Held up by artillery fire…a jo
- Page 730 and 731:
‘A paradox ball…’ The Times,
- Page 732 and 733:
15. Fighter Command Enters the Fray
- Page 734 and 735:
‘Von Luck you will…’ Luck, Pa
- Page 736 and 737:
‘At my command…was in Paris’
- Page 738 and 739:
28. Bringing It All Together‘Can
- Page 740 and 741:
‘Still, whatever does come…’
- Page 742 and 743:
‘Achtung, Achtung…’ TNA AIR 4
- Page 744 and 745:
‘Up to date…’ Cited in James,
- Page 746 and 747:
‘Hello, Gannic…chaps’ Bartley
- Page 749:
GlossaryAbwehr Wehrmacht Counter-In
- Page 752 and 753:
74 Squadron Spitfiresattack KG 2at
- Page 754 and 755:
Abbeville, Panzer Corps Guderian re
- Page 756 and 757:
Attlee, ClementAustralia, declares
- Page 758 and 759:
on aircraft shortageon Dunkirk from
- Page 760 and 761:
and invasion planson lost timeBray
- Page 762 and 763:
German attacks onGerman consolidati
- Page 764 and 765:
speeches broadcasts to nationeffect
- Page 766 and 767:
and Stukaon Portland attackshoots d
- Page 768 and 769:
and Beaverbrookand BEF fighter supp
- Page 770 and 771:
Eden, Anthony, Minister for Warand
- Page 772 and 773:
lossespilot lossespilots to avoid s
- Page 774 and 775:
and Sedanconditioncommand issuescom
- Page 776 and 777:
see also panzer divisionsGermanyeco
- Page 778 and 779:
at Sedancrosses Meuseinsists on adv
- Page 780 and 781:
on minelayingHigh Frequency Directi
- Page 782 and 783:
strength after Dunkirk lossesIdenti
- Page 784 and 785:
Udet andKanalkranheitKeitel, Feldma
- Page 786 and 787:
LDV, John Wilson andLe Havre, IX Co
- Page 788 and 789:
signal organizationstructuresee als
- Page 790 and 791:
McIntosh, Plt OffMechelen incidentM
- Page 792 and 793:
on Me 109ENelson, Horatio, on want
- Page 794 and 795:
westward dash1st Panzer Divisionat
- Page 796 and 797:
on LDVon Mussolinion parachutistswa
- Page 798 and 799:
Raake, Majorradar, Admiralty coasta
- Page 800 and 801:
Churchill seeks help fromdestroyers
- Page 802 and 803:
‘Seetakt’ German radar systemSe
- Page 804 and 805:
Steinhilper, Leutnant Ulrichand com
- Page 806 and 807:
U-47and convoy HX72sinks HMS Royal
- Page 808 and 809:
Wendel, ElseWerner Advance Detachme
- Page 811 and 812:
The Battle of Britain.Copyright ©2