Potentiale zur energetischen Nutzung von Biomasse in der ... - EPFL

Anhang 47
Bundesamt für Energie BFE
Figure 4 Mass and energy flow diagram.
The Total Project Investment (based on equipment cost), as well as variable and fixed operating costs,
were calculated. With these costs, a discounted cashflow analysis was performed to determine the
production cost of ethanol when the Net Present Value (NPV) of the project is zero. The following
paragraphs describe each of these three cost areas and the assumptions to complete the cashflow
analysis.
Total project investment
The total project investment as calculated in our model was based on the process design and the
purchase cost of all equipment required. It was assumed in this study that the equipment cost would
be the same in Switzerland as given by NREL for the US case. The equipment cost was therefore
derived by using US chemical engineering purchased equipment indices to convert US$ (as quoted
1997
by NREL) to US$ and by applying the exchange rate (as of 01.01.2002) to get CHF (1.000 US$
2002 2002
1997 = 1.057 US$ 2002 = 1.736 CHF ) to the data from NREL (Figure 5).
2002
Installation factors as given by NREL were then applied to determine the installed cost of the
equipment and consequently the total installed costs for each unit of the production plant. This study
is more of a +25%/-10% accuracy, and more details will be necessary when the process is closer to
an industrial realization.
Once the Total Equipment Cost (TEC) has been determined from the purchased costs and the
installation factors, several other items must be added to obtain the Total Project Investment (TPI),
namely warehousing 6 , site development 7 , field expenses 8 , home office and construction fees 9 , project
contingency 10 , and yet other costs 11 , amounting to an additional 68.5% of the total equipment cost.
6 Warehousing was taken as 1.5% of the total equipment cost (TEC).
7
Site development was taken as 9% of the installed cost of process equipment (feed handling, pre-treatment, SSCF,
cellulase production and ethanol recovery) and includes fencing, curbing, parking, roads, well drainage, rail system, soil
borings and general paving. The factor which is used allows for minimal site development assuming a clear site, with non
unusual problem such as right-of-way, difficult land clearing or unusual environmental problem.
8
Field expenses were taken as 10% of the total installed cost (TIC) and include consumables, small tool equipment rental,
field services, temporary construction facilities, construction supervision as well as prorateable costs such as fringe benefits,
burdens and insurance of the construction contractor.
9 Home office and construction fees were taken as 25% of the total installed cost (TIC) and include engineering plus
incidentals, purchasing and construction.
10 Project contingency was taken as only 3% of the total installed cost (TIC), because of the detail in the process design.
11
Other costs were taken as 10% of the total capital investment (TCI) and include startup and commissioning costs, land,
permits, surveys and fees, piling, soil compaction and/or dewatering, unusual foundations, freight, insurance in transit and