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11-13 May 2011, Aix-en-Provence, France Application of Wireless Sensor Nodes to Commercial Power Consumption Monitoring Toshihiro Itoh, Jun Fujimoto and Ryutaro Maeda National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) & JST, CREST Namiki 1-2-1 Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan Abstract- We developed prototypes of miniaturized wireless sensor nodes for monitoring the power consumption of electrical devices and have been experimentally applying the networked monitoring system using them to power monitoring of the “convenience stores”. Nowadays, carbon dioxide (CO2) emission in the ICT field is increasing enormously due to the high electric power consumption of ICT devices, e.g., in internet data centers as well as offices and homes. In order to reduce ICT’s CO2 emission, it is indispensable to introduce energy management systems (EMS) taking the advantages of wireless sensor network technology. Therefore, we have been developing wireless clamp-meter probes integrated with a thermosensor and a monitoring system that enables simultaneous power consumption measurement of 50 power lines. Using the sensor nodes, power consumption monitoring of “convenience stores” was demonstrated and it was found that the obtained power “profile” of equipments can effectively present the key features of their-usage. social views such as technology distribution and usage of technology in society. Therefore, we propose the concept of “Meso”-level that provides a link between “Macro” and “Micro” levels, as shown in Fig. 1. On the “Meso”-level, we can address issues related to the effect of technology on social structures and human behavior with wide-ranging implications, such as education, lifestyle, business, and global economy. This paper is about an experiment related to “Meso”-level, utilizing prototype of wireless sensor nodes on a “Micro”-level. Through field experiments of sensor nodes in commercial areas, for instance, it could be considered how to integrate technology with social issue, such as power-saving in Japan. Overall goal, Social Needs e.g. CO2 70% reduction in 2050 Macro I. INTRODUCTION Recently, the ICT impact on CO2 emission has attracted a great deal of attention with regard to global warming problems. This raises two issues. One is the problem of increasing power consumption by ICT diffusion. Several kinds of ICT services have been disseminated widely and rapidly throughout the society, and have changed our daily life. These services are supported by complicated hidden ICT networks, which consume much electric power. Furthermore, we have noticed that ICT diffusion indirectly accelerates economic development in developing countries, e.g. “Offshoring.” ICT diffusion may contribute to an increase in power consumption globally due to this economic development. The other issue, in contrast, is the hope to rescue climate change. The positive impact of ICT diffusion is a reduction in resource and power consumption through “dematerialization” and “efficiency improvement” in the society. Dematerialization refers to the replacement of conventional materials and human mobility, which were once needed to carry information, with electrons. By the way, current approaches to achieving a low carbon society have focused on linking “Micro” to “Macro” directly. “Macro” means overall goal of creating low-carbon society. “Micro” means technological innovations and approaches supported by institutions. However, this approach lacks Social perspective (How to integrate technology with social issues?) Technologies Development Meso Micro Technology A Technology B Technology C Fig. 1. Concept of “Meso”-level that provides a link between “Macro” and “Micro” levels. The project, “Applications of Wireless Sensor Nodes to Control Electric Power Consumption from ICT (Information Communication Technology) System” in Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) program Japan, started in October 2007 [1]. This project aims at reducing electricity power consumption in Japan, especially focusing on power consumption from ICT system, such as Data-centre, due to diffusion of wireless sensor nodes for monitoring electronic current of equipment. Our previous study included in this project, presented assessment results of electricity consumption from ICT in future states based on “2025 ICT Society Scenarios”[2]. These results reveal that the total power consumption from ICT was over 49.2 TWh in 2008, which was around 5% of total electricity demand in Japan, 2008. Furthermore, we depicted a future ICT society based on scenario-planning and brainstorming methods, and 227
estimated power consumption in 2025 utilizing these scenarios. The results suggest that power consumption from ICT reached to around 100 TWh in 2025, without considering technological progress [2]. After this study, we began to examine the new technology of wireless sensor nodes and its application of power monitoring in residential, commercial, and business areas in order to make our previous study more concrete. This paper presents the experiment of power monitoring using wireless sensor nodes in “convenience stores”. From these experiments, benefits and issues in practical use of our monitoring system were discussed. Diode Temp. Sensor MCU RF-IC 11-13 May 2011, Aix-en-Provence, France II. WIRELESS SENSOR NODES FOR POWER MONITORING Antenna Fig. 2. Wireless sensor node integrated with a current clamp probe (smallest type) and thermometer. TABLE I KEY COMPONENTS OF PROTOTYPE OF A SMALL WIRELESS SENSOR NODE. Fig. 2 shows a prototype of the wireless sensor node for power monitoring system. The prototyped sensor node consists of a wireless communication module, sensor interface circuits, a diode temperature sensor, and a clamp-on type current transformer having two jaws which open to allow clamping around an electrical conductor [3]. Table I shows specifications of the key components used in the node. The sensor node can detect the flow of current with the help of the current transformer and the circumambient temperature. The smallest sensor node can detect the power of 1 – 1500 W, since the small clamp-on type current transformer (CTL-6-S32-8F-CL, U.R.D., Ltd.) can be applied to the current range of 0.01 – 15 Arms. In case of monitoring the larger current, large clamp-on type current transformers, shown in Fig. 3, were utilized for high power application. The wireless communication module includes a low-voltage and low-power microcontroller unit (C8051F921, Silicon Laboratories) and single-chip 2.4 GHz transceiver (nRF24L01, Nordic Semiconductor ASA). Since the microcontroller can be operated with 0.9 V at minimum and has a built-in dc-dc converter, the module can work with one 1.5 V button-type battery. When using a battery of 100 mAh, the sensor node with transmission once a second was working continuously throughout two months. If the transmission frequency is set to be once a minute, the sensor node could work throughout 10 years and be described as a “maintenance-free” node. Clamp-on Type AC Current Sensor (Smallest Type) CTL-6-S32-8F-CL [4] MCU C8051F921 [5] Transceiver IC nRF24L01 [6] Receiver 100x60x17mm 3 -Micro-SD storage (battery-powered receiver) -Transmitting to PC via USB - Dimensions (mm): 18W x 25H x 18t - Windng (Turn): 800 - Current Range (Recommended): 10 mA – 15 A - Supply Voltage: 0.9 – 1.8 V (One-cell mode operation) - Built-in dc-dc converter with 1.8 – 3.3 V output (65 mW max) - Typical sleep mode current < 0.1 μA - 10-Bit Analog to Digital Converter - 2.4-2.5 GHz ISM band - Minimum supply voltage: 1.9 V - Supply current in TX mode @ 0dBm output power: 11.3 mA - Supply current in Power Down mode: 900 nA Clamp (S):18X25X18mm:12g Wireless module, Sensor interface circuits 19X14x14mm 3 -Working over 12 month by SR-44 button battery Clamp (M):23X38.5X26mm:45g Clamp (L):29X44.5X31mm:70g Fig. 3. Wireless sensor nodes used for commercial power consumption monitoring experiment. III. COMMERCIAL POWER CONSUMPTION MONITORING 10 “convenience stores” (CVSs) were chosen as an experiment. CVSs are like grocery stores open 24 hours and 7 days a week. They have been deeply rooted in Japanese culture, there are around 42,000 stores in Japan and around 35 million people use stores every day. Individual stores provide services while consuming large amount of electricity around 500 kWh/day. As shown in Table II, there are several kinds of equipment in CVSs. This equipment can be classified into two types by the supplied type of electricity, single-phase AC and three-phase AC. TABLE II TYPICAL EQUIPMENT IN CONVENIENCE STORES • Single-phase AC (200V) – Lighting – Name board – Sign stand – ATM – Copy machine – Microwave – Water heater – Heated Food (Oden, Steamed bread, Fried food) – Coffee machine • Three-phase AC (200V) – Display cooler and freezers • Reach-in, walk-in – Air-conditioning – Chilled case – Fryers – Drink cooler – Ice-cream case Fig.4 shows wireless sensor nodes attached to power lines. 228
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COLLECTION OF PAPERS PRESENTED AT T
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Table of Contents Wednesday 11 May
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PANEL DISCUSSION TEXTILE MICROSYSTE
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Friday 13 May SESSION C4: APPLICATI
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SPECIAL SESSION OF BIO-MEMS/NEMS a
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suspended membrane can be pulled to
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2) Cavity width effect To verify th
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Fig.9. Capacitive sensor output, Va
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piezoelectric displacement transduc
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A. Continuous domain Starting from
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700 11-13 May 2011, Aix-en-Provenc
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o o o o o o o o Check applicability
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C. Identification Results The ident
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teen wire segments of a coil, as in
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As the metallization is too reflect
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B. Implemented die overview A die c
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IN CLK OUT Fig. 16. Probe setup for
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adhesive material with 30μm thickn
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B. Dynamics of Energy Flows For a l
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80˚C. Additionally, we looked into
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fibers which define the electric co
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Figure 15. Key board input system.
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ρ = h 2∆α∆T + + E 1h 3 1 +E 2
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In recent years, the pipe flow moni
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samples tested in different vacuum
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l c 11-13 May 2011, Aix-en-Provence
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II. MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND NUMERICA
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fluids travel along a curved channe
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measured mixing indices are depicte
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Page 230 and 231: electrocardiogram. • The heart be
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REFERENCES [1] G. Mehta, J. Lee, W.
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followed by titanium (Ti) which sho
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exposure dose, post exposure bake t
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B. Energy Applications Society is f
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Presently, the microfabrication pro
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[6] C. Richard, A. Renaudin, V. Aim
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NA sinθ c 11-13 May 2011, Aix-en-
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the waveguide on the fused silica,
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microphone diaphragm. The chosen CM
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TABLE V MICROPHONE CHARACTERISTICS
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Figure 7b shows the effect of a par
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over the temperature range (i.e. th
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given. This allows a CTM model to b
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the magic-Tee, and the coherent sig
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After analyzing the two conditions
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IV. MICRO FABRICATION For fabricati
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IV. A. Simulation and Sensitivity A
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grown to sub-confluence were washed
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Clamps rotation [21] Clamps transla
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Layout Total dimensions of the grip
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focusing increased both as the stre
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Time of diffusion (hr) 1200 1000 80
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Chip Magnet Light source Hot plate
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This phenomenon is now reaching the
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The VerilogA block code is : 11-13
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Author Index Abi-Saab D. 81 Aimez V
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Nussbaum Dominic 273 O’Hara T. 35
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