Молодой учёный

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334 Государство и право «<strong>Молодой</strong> <strong>учёный</strong>» . № 5 (40) . Май, 2012 г. Литература: 1. Агарков М.М. Право на имя. В сб. статей по гражданскому и торговому праву памяти профессора Габриеля Феликсовича Шершеневича. М., 1915. 2. Борисенко Д. Персонаж как законодательно признанная часть произведения, на которую распространяется авторское право// Интеллектуальная собственность. Авторские и смежные права – № 2, 2011. 3. Гаврилов Э.П., Еременко В.И. Комментарий к части четвертой Гражданского кодекса Российской Федерации (постатейный). – М.: Экзамен, 2009. 4. Гаврилов Э.П. Комментарий к Закону Российской Федерации «Об авторском праве и смежных правах». Судебная практика. М.: Экзамен, 2003. 5. Ионас В.Я. Критерий творчества в авторском праве и судебной практике. М.: Юридическая литература, 1963. 6. Кравец Л. Знаменитости и предприниматели: общность и столкновение интересов // Интеллектуальная собственность. – № 2, 2000. 7. Рахмилович А.В. Название произведения как объект авторского права//Журнал российского права, N 11, ноябрь 2002 г. 8. Cергеев А.П. Право интеллектуальной собственности в Российской Федерации. М.: Проспект, 2004. 9. Успенский Э. Крокодил Гена и его друзья. – М.: Дет. лит., 1966. 10. Филин Д. Имя, образ, внешний вид: персонаж как новый объект авторского права // ИС. Авторское право и смежные права. – № 6, 2007. 11. Фридман В.Э. Охрана частей и структурных элементов произведения как объектов авторского права в России и США: Автореф. на соиск. ученой степ. канд. юрид. наук. М., 2005. 12. Энтин В., Клишина А. Персонаж как охраняемая часть произведения // Интеллектуальная собственность. Авторское право и смежные права. – № 5, 2008. 13. http://jane-austen.ru/ekranizacii-jain-ostin International Experience in Realization of Russia Federal Procurement Policy Колышева Ирина Бекеновна, аспирант Российский государственный гуманитарный университет (г. Москва) Целью данной статьи является приобретение международного опыта в осуществлении политики государственных закупок. Государственные закупки – процесс, используемый национальными правительствами, чтобы купить или арендовать товары и услуги. Определенные процедуры могут отличаться между странами, но все же цели реализации закупочной политики очень подобны. Эти цели состоят в том, чтобы увеличить конкуренцию, предлагая справедливый доступ к предполагаемым потребителям, при максимизации дохода, полученного от расхода общественного капитала, и содействия ответственному использованию ресурсов. Таким образом, политика государственных закупок влияет на развитие рыночных отношений в стране. Ключевые слова: государственные закупки, государственные работы, товары и услуги, электронный аукцион, правительство, контракт, политика, закон. The goal of given article is purchase of the international experience in realization of Federal Procurement policy. Federal Procurement is the process used by national governments to purchase or lease goods and services. Specific procedures may differ between countries, yet the goals for procurement policies are very similar. These goals are to increase competition by offering fair access to prospective bidders, maximizing the value received through the expenditure of public funds, and promoting the responsible use of resources. Thus, the Federal Procurement policy influences progress of market attitudes in the country. Keywords: Federal Procurement, public works, goods and services, electronic auctions, government, contract, policy, law. Federal procurement generally requires competitive bidding on contracts which exceed a certain monetary threshold. In these instances, a request for proposal (RFP) is issued with specific guidelines, and bids are submitted for review. The contract is generally given to the bidder which can meet all of the required specifications at the lowest price. Exemptions to this policy can occur in cases where only one source of supply exists, or when one supplier has proven to
“Young Scientist” . #5 (40) . May 2012 be far superior in performance to the others. Thus, the Federal Procurement policy influences progress of market attitudes in the country. Let’s consider the examples of Federal Procurement in the modern countries. In the United States, federal procurement policies are determined by legislative action and by recommendations from the Office of Federal Procurement Policy, a subdivision of the Office of Management and Budget, established in 1974. Those policies are published in the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR), which is issued jointly by the Department of Defense (DoD), the General Services Administration (GSA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The FAR applies not only to direct purchases made by the government, but also to purchases made by federal grant recipients. Periodic audits called contractor procurement system reviews are conducted at federal contractors and grant recipients to insure federal regulatory compliance [4]. In Canada, the governmental body primarily responsible for federal procurement is the Public Works Government Services Canada (PWGSC). A law passed in 2005 created a list of preapproved suppliers to be used for standing orders, which covers the procurement of several of the most commonly purchased assets including automobiles, fuel, office supplies and professional services. If the purchase exceeds monetary values set for different categories, then the PWGSC opens the procurement up to the bidding process and advertises it on the Government Electronic Tendering Service. This step can only be bypassed in cases where a life threatening situation exists, national security could be compromised, there is only one source available for the product, or for items which fall below the monetary limits. In Australia, the Finance Minister issues Commonwealth Procurement Guidelines (CPG’s) which outline Australian federal procurement requirements. Like Canada, Australia has developed lists of approved suppliers, called common use arrangements (CUA), for the purchase of a wide variety of goods ranging from stationary and supplies to temporary labor. In most regions, governmental agencies are required to use a CUA if it exists for the products being purchased. Larger contracts which require an open bid process are advertised on an electronic system called Aus Tender. Most European countries have similar federal procurement requirements and processes. Members of the European Community (EC), however, must also implement procurement regulations which comply with EC procurement policies. These policies include non-discrimination between member countries in the procurement process, and requirements that vendors meet certain environmental sustainability standards. Contracts which involve defense or national security are not subject to EC regulations [5]. The City of New York centralized its purchasing function in 1917 after two years of successful «cooperative contracting for all departments and offices under the mayor» (Thomas, 1919, p. 27). Since then, centralized purchasing has gradually become common in state and local government. How- State and Law 335 ever, the centralization trend has been challenged in recent years. Many practitioners and researchers have contended that purchasing authority, especially in government, must be decentralized in order to provide more responsive support to end users, eliminate bureaucratic obstacles to program accomplishment, improve inter-departmental coordination, and empower service delivery managers to procure what they need without impediment by a centralized organization. In a democratic government system, although there is a distinctive division of powers between the legislative, executive and judiciary branches, procurement authorities and responsibilities vary among countries. Indeed, in countries such as the United Kingdom and Malaysia, where policy implementation is carried out by the executive branch through non-legal means, procurement organizational. And all it’s called like Policy Making and Management. In many other countries, public procurements are regulated by formal rules and regulations. In the United States, the legislative branch, be it Congress, state legislature, local council or board of commissioners or directors, primarily influences public procurement systems through laws (by established procurement policies and regulations), and authorization and appropriations of programs leading to procurements [5]. Public procurement organizational structures within the executive branch vary with the size of the governmental units, from a very complex to a very simple structure. In small towns and villages, there is no procurement structure as their parttime managers are responsible for all administrative functions of government including budgeting, accounting, and procurement. In contrast, with large governmental units the procurement organizational structure is extremely complicated. Thus, it is essential that each level of management have well-defined authorities and responsibilities delineated throughout the structure, from the issuance of policies, regulations and standards of performance to the supervision and management of the workforce. In 2005 Russia adopted a modern law on public procurement within the context of administrative reform aimed at implementing fair, transparent, competitive and cost-effective procurement proceedings. By adopting the new law, the federal government established a unified system of public procurement for all state and municipal contracting authorities, including the state executive authorities, state extra-budgetary funds, local authorities, budget-financed institutions and other recipients of federal, regional and local budget funds. In general, Russian public procurement legislation is based on the provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (the Russian Civil Code) and the Budgetary Code of the Russian Federation and consists of [2]: – Federal Law No. 94-FZ dated 21 July 2005 ‘On the Placement of Orders for the Procurement of Goods, Work and Services for State and Municipal Needs’, in force since 1 January 2006 (hereinafter the Public Procurement Law); and
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272 Философия «Молод
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Молодой учёный

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