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grandmother figures out that she was just bloated, and accents her statement to this fact with gosha. (96) gosha (Kegg 1991:132-133) “Oonh, yay yay, baasinigo gosha wa’aw,” ikido. Mii gaa-izhi-ishkwaa-zegizid. oh goodness she is bloated DM this she said DP so she stopped being scared ‘“Oh, goodness gracious, she’s just bloated [gosha],” she said, and so she wasn’t scared anymore.’ Here, the little girl’s grandmother, not knowing what was wrong with her granddaughter, was really frightened at her granddaughter falling ill. It is only after finding out that it was because her granddaughter was bloated from eating winnowed wild rice, and not something else more serious, that her grandmother was relieved. Her eventual revelation, i.e. baasinigo ‘she is bloated’ is accented by gosha. Another situation occurs when this same little girl is being following home by a big mysterious dog. Upon arriving home, she screamed and the ladies at her house heard her and ran to her to see what was wrong. Finding out that it was just a dog (which normally scares little kids), they make a statement to that fact, accenting it with the second position mystery particle cluster gosha naa. 164
(97) gosha (Kegg 1991:104-105) a) Mii go imaa aabanaabiyaan, geyaabi ko biminizha’od. DP EMPH there I look back still as usual following me b) Gichi-aayaazhikweyaan, bimibatooyaan gichi-enigok. I cry really loud I run really hard c) Mii gaa-izhi-noondawiwaad ingiw ikwewag, biijiba’idiwaad. DP and they heard me those women running to me d) “Aaniin,” indig. what’s wrong they tell me e) “Awiiya imbiminizha’og,” indinaag. someone s/he is following me I tell them f) “Animosh gosha naa a’aw,” ikidowag. dog DM DM this they say g) “Dibi naa wenjibaagwen,” ikidowag. I wonder DM where s/he comes from they say a) ‘I looked back there and he was still following. b) I screamed real loud and ran just hard. c) The ladies heard me and came running. d) “What’s the matter,” she said to me. e) “Somebody is following me,” I told them. f) “Goodness, it’s a dog [gosha naa],” they said. g) “I wonder where he came from,” they said.’ Once the women find out that it was just a dog following her, they reveal this fact by the statement in (97f) goodness, it’s a dog [gosha]. While the published translation itself does not make this explicit, one of my consultants suggests that the feeling here is one of relief, not excitement. While it is true, however, that the little girl is very frightened by the big dog following her home, the women appear to show that they are not very concerned as they give her a light reprimand later on in the same paragraph by saying I told you to hurry, apparently meaning that this would not have happened had she hurried. 165
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OJIBWE DISCOURSE MARKERS A DISSERTA
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Acknowledgements I am indebted to t
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For the elders at Mille Lacs and fo
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Table of Contents Acknowledgements
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1.0 Introduction and background In
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influenced by this already existing
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While many speakers from other Minn
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discussed within the body of this t
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use as they occurred in real time w
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‘someone’s fingernail’ (see N
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In some cases, however, where a nar
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adherence to the rule suggested her
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To further compound an already comp
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conjunction and (in sentence level
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DMs function in relation to aspects
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d) But, I went into the army (p. 15
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(7) Marker because (Schiffrin 1987:
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In (9a), because connects two actio
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their referential and/or grammatica
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communicator presents just enough e
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“[i]nferential comprehension invo
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Elements which do not relate some s
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1990:391). Since most researchers a
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inventory is replete with an array
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(12) Sentence-final 21 a) Korean (P
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2.3.2 Clitics and affixes As it tur
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lead to the man’s death. Relevant
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internal evaluation, denoting main
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interpersonal discourse markers can
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(18) Spanish ya (Koike 1996:275-276
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occur in a variety of non-initial p
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(Bazzanella 1990:633 for insomma),
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via the processes of tense, aspect,
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which is the core defining feature
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so that the discourse happens in on
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3.1 Discourse connectives 3.1.1 Ini
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c) Nashke! AT ‘Look!, See!, Liste
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speaker to set that information off
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) Shke, wa’aw nookomisiban mii-ko
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) Nashke azhigwa eni-apiitiziyaan,
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predicted event. In (29b), the spea
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two subordinate verb phrases (subor
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a) ‘“Nobody will live there on
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(34) English discourse marker and a
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(36) miinawaa (Kegg 1991:152-153) a
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1987:128). A quick scan of the Ojib
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Minnesota dialect) appears not to h
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3.1.1.4 dibishkoo In the dictionary
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The use of dibishkoo in both exampl
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ge-miinigooyang. that we’ll be gi
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c) Giwiisin. d) Mii wiisiniyan. (in
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(47) Discourse sequencer (Benjamin
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the sentence level within the disco
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Note that in (49a,c) where the exam
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selecting a contrastive relationshi
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eak from further elaboration within
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In the stories examined for this th
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3.1.2.1.1 Digressions There is furt
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f) “Mii imaa iniw ozidan, bakaan
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preceding clause sang spiritual son
Page 121 and 122: (59) idash (Clark 1998:8, audio) a)
Page 123 and 124: make use of the coordinator miinawa
Page 125 and 126: (62) Relative roots invoke initial
Page 127 and 128: advance a narrative to the next eve
Page 129 and 130: knowledge of their use, but because
Page 131 and 132: some time and effort trying to figu
Page 133 and 134: spots on your fingernails’, giga-
Page 135 and 136: c) Mii-gegaa gii-pi-niboyaan. so-al
Page 137 and 138: outside the imperative construction
Page 139 and 140: (71) Justifying function of aaniish
Page 141 and 142: (72) Extra-topical background infor
Page 143 and 144: speaker was given a new horse, and
Page 145 and 146: 3.2.2.1.1 isa as a marker of closin
Page 147 and 148: 3.2.2.1.2 isa as a marker of relinq
Page 149 and 150: descriptions, however, are not impo
Page 151 and 152: 3.2.2.1.4 isa as a marker of result
Page 153 and 154: The initial event in (81a-b) is the
Page 155 and 156: Another example of this usage appea
Page 157 and 158: (84) isa (Jones 1917:4-5) a) O’ow
Page 159 and 160: speaker to exert and validate the I
Page 161 and 162: the speaker, once a topic or event
Page 163 and 164: Though the English translation does
Page 165 and 166: accompanies the expression and prov
Page 167 and 168: Not captured in (92a) is Speaker A
Page 169 and 170: In (93d), Speaker C, not yet knowin
Page 171: Here, sha reveals the unreasonablen
Page 175 and 176: an interjection (i.e. a discourse r
Page 177 and 178: a) ‘A girl and her grandmother we
Page 179 and 180: ) Wegonen da? INTER CP ‘What now?
Page 181 and 182: ) Ojibwemon bina naa! speak Ojibwe
Page 183 and 184: (106) bina within jussive construct
Page 185 and 186: (108) bina (text communication) a)
Page 187 and 188: eference to time (although time is
Page 189 and 190: speakers to speak about topics with
Page 191 and 192: c) Baanimaa igo naa wenji-gizhibaab
Page 193 and 194: The little girl in this story was t
Page 195 and 196: wants to express the equivalent of
Page 197 and 198: naa has the force of the English lo
Page 199 and 200: The first token of naa in (120a) ap
Page 201 and 202: weight of the English damn it, they
Page 203 and 204: going to eat, as independent order
Page 205 and 206: Here, the individual uses of both d
Page 207 and 208: The uncle’s initial utterance to
Page 209 and 210: 4.0 Conjunct order as a discourse m
Page 211 and 212: The verbs in bold type in (131a) an
Page 213 and 214: conjoin larger discourse units abov
Page 215 and 216: The subordinate nature of the conju
Page 217 and 218: conjunct gii-pabanaazomag is not ac
Page 219 and 220: 4.1.3 Situational immediacy There i
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d) Chi-ayizhinoo’oyangid iw. very
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c) Haaw niinawind imbaapi’idimin
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without izhi remain as plain conjun
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jiigikana imbaapi’idimin niinawin
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verb. If carrying eventline informa
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d) They got around in boats. e) The
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describe these elements (which in i
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existed (and it might), it would be
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REFERENCES Abraham, Werner. 1991. D
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Clark, James. 1998. Oshkaabewis Nat
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Jucker, Andreas H. and Sara W. Smit
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Rhodes, Richard 1979. Some aspects
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Wilson, Deirdre. 1994. Discourse ma
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