A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE ...

Here, the individual uses of both da and naa are clear. Da allows the speaker to refuse
the expectation that she dish up something for the interlocutor, and naa amplifies this
action. The speaker also makes uses of a fronted second personal pronoun giin ‘you’,
which has the effect of grammatically focusing on the referent. The combination of da
and naa results in the damn it feeling, but without the stigma of having just cursed.
The last two clusters involving naa are bina naa and sa naa. As with the naa
clusters just discussed, i.e. sha naa, da naa, pleading particle naa is the component which
heightens the of emotional intensity, or which amplifies the function of the individual
marker occurring with it. An example of this is given by some examples provided by my
consultants.
(127) bina naa and sa naa (Mille Lacs Sessions)
a) Ojibwemon bina naa
speak Ojibwe DM DM
‘Speak Ojibwe!’
b) Noongom bina naa
today DM DM
‘Do it today!’
In both (127a,b), bina naa signals a sharp reprimand to interlocutors to do something that
they know should do, but do not. This function is typical of the lone particle bina. For
example in (127a), given the urgency to preserve the Ojibwe language, the addressee is
being strongly urged (more so than when just bina is used alone) to speak the language
197