A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE ...

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Bible. 1875. Iu otoshki-kikindiuin au Tebeniminung gaie Bemajiinung Jesus Christ: ima Ojibue inueuining giizhitong [The new testament of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ translated into the language of the Ojibwa Indians. New York: American Bible Society. Biq, Yung. 1990. Conversation, continuation, and connectives. Text 10(3), 187-208 Bishop, Ruth G. 1979. Tense-aspect in Totonac narrative discourse. Discourse studies in Mesoamerican languages 1: Discussion, ed. by Linda K. Jones, 31-68. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics, 58. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. Blakemore, Diane. 1987. Semantic constraints on relevance. Blackwell, Oxford Blakemore, Diane. 2004. Discourse markers. The handbook of pragmatics, ed. by Laurence R. Horn and Gregory Ward, 221-240. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. Bloomfield, Leonard. 1958. Eastern Ojibwa: grammatical sketch, texts and word list, ed. by Charles F. Hockett. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Brinton, Laurel J. 1996. Pragmatic markers in English: grammaticalization and discourse functions. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Brinton, Laurel J. 2003. Historical discourse analysis. The handbook of discourse analysis, ed. by Deborah Schiffrin, Deborah Tannen & Heidi E. Hamilton, 138-160. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. Brody, Jill. 1987. Particles borrowed from Spanish as discourse markers in Maya languages. Anthropological Linguistics 29(4), 507-521. Brody, Jill. 1989. Discourse markers in Tojolabal Maya. Papers from the annual regional meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, 15-29. Brody, Jill. 1995. Lending the ‘unborrowable’: Spanish discourse markers in indigenous American languages. Spanish in four continents: studies in language contact and bilingualism, ed. by C. Silva-Corvalán, 132-148. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. Bruti, Silvia. 1999. In fact and infatti: the same, similar or different. Pragmatics 9(4), 519-533. Cadiot, A., O. Ducrot, B. Fraden, and T. Nguyen. 1985. Enfin, marqueur métalinguistique. Journal of Pragmatics 2(3), 199-239. 232
Clark, James. 1998. Oshkaabewis Native Journal 5(2), 8-9. Bemidji: Bemidji State University. Clark, James. 2003. Oshkaabewis Native Journal 6(1-2), 50-63. Bemidji: Bemidji State University. Clark, James. 2008. Personal communication. Cook, J. 1990. An indexical account of the Japanese sentence-final particle ne. Discourse Processes 13(4), 507-539. Cook, Haruko. 1992. Meanings of non-referential indexes: a case study of the Japanese sentence-final particle ne. Text 12(4), 507-539. Davidsen-Nielsen. 1996. Discourse particles in Danish. Pre-Publications of the English Department of Odense University, Denmark, No. 69, August. Eagle, Melvin. 1998. Oshkaabewis Native Journal 5(1).8-85. Bemidji: Bemidji State University. Fairbanks, Brendan. 2008. In press. All about mii. Papers of the Thirty-ninth Algonquian Conference, ed. by Karl Hele, London: University of Western Ontario. Fleischman, Suzanne. 1985. Discourse functions of tense-aspect oppositions in narrative: toward a theory of grounding. Linguistics 2, 851-882 Fleischman, Suzanne. 1986. Evaluation in narrative: the present tense in medieval “performed stories.” Yale French Studies 70, 199-251. Fraser, Bruce. 1990. An approach to discourse markers. Journal of Pragmatics 14, 383- 395. Fraser, Bruce. 1996. Pragmatic markers. Pragmatics 6(2), 167-190. Fraser, Bruce. 1998. Contrastive discourse markers in English. Discourse markers: descriptions and theory, ed. by Andreas Jucker and Yael Ziv, 301-326. Philadelphia: Benjamins. Fraser, Bruce. 1999. What are discourse markers? Journal of Pragmatics 31, 931-952. Fuji, S. 2000. Incipient decategorization of mono and grammaticalization of speaker attitude in Japanese discourse. Pragmatic markers and propositional attitude, ed. by G. Andersen and T. Fretheim, 85-118. 233
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OJIBWE DISCOURSE MARKERS A DISSERTA
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Acknowledgements I am indebted to t
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For the elders at Mille Lacs and fo
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Table of Contents Acknowledgements
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1.0 Introduction and background In
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influenced by this already existing
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While many speakers from other Minn
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discussed within the body of this t
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use as they occurred in real time w
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‘someone’s fingernail’ (see N
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In some cases, however, where a nar
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adherence to the rule suggested her
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To further compound an already comp
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conjunction and (in sentence level
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DMs function in relation to aspects
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d) But, I went into the army (p. 15
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(7) Marker because (Schiffrin 1987:
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In (9a), because connects two actio
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their referential and/or grammatica
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communicator presents just enough e
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“[i]nferential comprehension invo
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Elements which do not relate some s
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1990:391). Since most researchers a
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inventory is replete with an array
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(12) Sentence-final 21 a) Korean (P
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2.3.2 Clitics and affixes As it tur
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lead to the man’s death. Relevant
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internal evaluation, denoting main
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interpersonal discourse markers can
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(18) Spanish ya (Koike 1996:275-276
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occur in a variety of non-initial p
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(Bazzanella 1990:633 for insomma),
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via the processes of tense, aspect,
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which is the core defining feature
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so that the discourse happens in on
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3.1 Discourse connectives 3.1.1 Ini
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c) Nashke! AT ‘Look!, See!, Liste
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speaker to set that information off
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) Shke, wa’aw nookomisiban mii-ko
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) Nashke azhigwa eni-apiitiziyaan,
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predicted event. In (29b), the spea
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two subordinate verb phrases (subor
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a) ‘“Nobody will live there on
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(34) English discourse marker and a
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(36) miinawaa (Kegg 1991:152-153) a
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1987:128). A quick scan of the Ojib
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Minnesota dialect) appears not to h
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3.1.1.4 dibishkoo In the dictionary
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The use of dibishkoo in both exampl
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ge-miinigooyang. that we’ll be gi
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c) Giwiisin. d) Mii wiisiniyan. (in
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(47) Discourse sequencer (Benjamin
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the sentence level within the disco
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Note that in (49a,c) where the exam
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selecting a contrastive relationshi
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eak from further elaboration within
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In the stories examined for this th
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3.1.2.1.1 Digressions There is furt
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f) “Mii imaa iniw ozidan, bakaan
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preceding clause sang spiritual son
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(59) idash (Clark 1998:8, audio) a)
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make use of the coordinator miinawa
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(62) Relative roots invoke initial
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advance a narrative to the next eve
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knowledge of their use, but because
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some time and effort trying to figu
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spots on your fingernails’, giga-
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c) Mii-gegaa gii-pi-niboyaan. so-al
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outside the imperative construction
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(71) Justifying function of aaniish
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(72) Extra-topical background infor
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speaker was given a new horse, and
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3.2.2.1.1 isa as a marker of closin
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3.2.2.1.2 isa as a marker of relinq
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descriptions, however, are not impo
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3.2.2.1.4 isa as a marker of result
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The initial event in (81a-b) is the
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Another example of this usage appea
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(84) isa (Jones 1917:4-5) a) O’ow
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speaker to exert and validate the I
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the speaker, once a topic or event
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Though the English translation does
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accompanies the expression and prov
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Not captured in (92a) is Speaker A
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In (93d), Speaker C, not yet knowin
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Here, sha reveals the unreasonablen
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(97) gosha (Kegg 1991:104-105) a) M
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an interjection (i.e. a discourse r
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a) ‘A girl and her grandmother we
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) Wegonen da? INTER CP ‘What now?
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) Ojibwemon bina naa! speak Ojibwe
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(106) bina within jussive construct
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(108) bina (text communication) a)
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eference to time (although time is
Page 189 and 190: speakers to speak about topics with
Page 191 and 192: c) Baanimaa igo naa wenji-gizhibaab
Page 193 and 194: The little girl in this story was t
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Page 197 and 198: naa has the force of the English lo
Page 199 and 200: The first token of naa in (120a) ap
Page 201 and 202: weight of the English damn it, they
Page 203 and 204: going to eat, as independent order
Page 205 and 206: Here, the individual uses of both d
Page 207 and 208: The uncle’s initial utterance to
Page 209 and 210: 4.0 Conjunct order as a discourse m
Page 211 and 212: The verbs in bold type in (131a) an
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Page 215 and 216: The subordinate nature of the conju
Page 217 and 218: conjunct gii-pabanaazomag is not ac
Page 219 and 220: 4.1.3 Situational immediacy There i
Page 221 and 222: mark these events as being more sal
Page 223 and 224: d) Chi-ayizhinoo’oyangid iw. very
Page 225 and 226: c) Haaw niinawind imbaapi’idimin
Page 227 and 228: without izhi remain as plain conjun
Page 229 and 230: jiigikana imbaapi’idimin niinawin
Page 231 and 232: verb. If carrying eventline informa
Page 233 and 234: d) They got around in boats. e) The
Page 235 and 236: describe these elements (which in i
Page 237 and 238: existed (and it might), it would be
Page 239: REFERENCES Abraham, Werner. 1991. D
Page 243 and 244: Jucker, Andreas H. and Sara W. Smit
Page 245 and 246: Rhodes, Richard 1979. Some aspects
Page 247: Wilson, Deirdre. 1994. Discourse ma
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