A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE ...

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Mithun, Marianne. 1999. The languages of native North America. New York: Cambridge University Press. Na-gan-i-gwun-eb. 1893. Letter to Reverend Gilfillan. Gilfillan letters, 1883-1913. Minnesota Historical Society. Nakao 1995. Japanese-English English-Japanese dictionary. New York: Ballantine Books. Nichols, John D. 1980. Ojibwe morphology. PhD dissertation, Harvard University. Nichols, John D. and Nyholm, Earl. 1995. A concise dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Nichols, John D (editor). 1988. An Ojibwe text anthology. London, Ontario: Centre for Research and Teaching of Canadian Native Languages, University of Western Ontario. Nichols, John D. 1995. “Weak of heart – strong of heart: approaching the narrative art of Dedaakam of Mille Lacs.” Oshkaabewis Native Journal 2(1), 49-68. Ningewance, Patricia M. 2004. Talking gookom’s language: learning Ojibwe. Lac Seul, Ontario: Mazinaate Press. Onodera, Noriko Okada. 1994. Pragmatic change in Japanese: conjunctions and interjections as discourse markers. Georgetown PhD dissertation in linguistics. Onodera, Noriko Okada. 1995. Diachronic analysis of Japanese discourse markers. Historical Pragmatics, ed. by A. Jucker, 393-437. Or, W. 1997. Chinese temporal adverbs of succession and overlap. Paper presented at the annual convention of the Midwest Modern Language Association, Chicago. Park, Yong-Yae. 1999. The Korean connective nuntey in conversational discourse. Journal of Pragmatics 31(2), 191-218. Payne, Doris L., and Thomas E. 1990. Yagua. Handbook of Amazonian languages, ed. by Desmond C. Derbyshire and Geofrey K. Pullum, (2).249-474. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Payne, Thomas E. 1997. Describing morphosyntax: a guide for field linguists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Redeker, Gisela. 1990. Ideational and pragmatic markers of discourse structure. Journal of Pragmatics 14(3), 367-381. 236
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OJIBWE DISCOURSE MARKERS A DISSERTA
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Acknowledgements I am indebted to t
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For the elders at Mille Lacs and fo
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Table of Contents Acknowledgements
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1.0 Introduction and background In
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influenced by this already existing
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While many speakers from other Minn
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discussed within the body of this t
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use as they occurred in real time w
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‘someone’s fingernail’ (see N
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In some cases, however, where a nar
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adherence to the rule suggested her
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To further compound an already comp
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conjunction and (in sentence level
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DMs function in relation to aspects
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d) But, I went into the army (p. 15
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(7) Marker because (Schiffrin 1987:
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In (9a), because connects two actio
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their referential and/or grammatica
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communicator presents just enough e
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“[i]nferential comprehension invo
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Elements which do not relate some s
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1990:391). Since most researchers a
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inventory is replete with an array
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(12) Sentence-final 21 a) Korean (P
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2.3.2 Clitics and affixes As it tur
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lead to the man’s death. Relevant
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internal evaluation, denoting main
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interpersonal discourse markers can
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(18) Spanish ya (Koike 1996:275-276
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occur in a variety of non-initial p
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(Bazzanella 1990:633 for insomma),
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via the processes of tense, aspect,
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which is the core defining feature
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so that the discourse happens in on
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3.1 Discourse connectives 3.1.1 Ini
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c) Nashke! AT ‘Look!, See!, Liste
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speaker to set that information off
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) Shke, wa’aw nookomisiban mii-ko
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) Nashke azhigwa eni-apiitiziyaan,
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predicted event. In (29b), the spea
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two subordinate verb phrases (subor
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a) ‘“Nobody will live there on
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(34) English discourse marker and a
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(36) miinawaa (Kegg 1991:152-153) a
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1987:128). A quick scan of the Ojib
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Minnesota dialect) appears not to h
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3.1.1.4 dibishkoo In the dictionary
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The use of dibishkoo in both exampl
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ge-miinigooyang. that we’ll be gi
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c) Giwiisin. d) Mii wiisiniyan. (in
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(47) Discourse sequencer (Benjamin
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the sentence level within the disco
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Note that in (49a,c) where the exam
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selecting a contrastive relationshi
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eak from further elaboration within
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In the stories examined for this th
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3.1.2.1.1 Digressions There is furt
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f) “Mii imaa iniw ozidan, bakaan
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preceding clause sang spiritual son
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(59) idash (Clark 1998:8, audio) a)
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make use of the coordinator miinawa
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(62) Relative roots invoke initial
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advance a narrative to the next eve
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knowledge of their use, but because
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some time and effort trying to figu
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spots on your fingernails’, giga-
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c) Mii-gegaa gii-pi-niboyaan. so-al
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outside the imperative construction
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(71) Justifying function of aaniish
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(72) Extra-topical background infor
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speaker was given a new horse, and
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3.2.2.1.1 isa as a marker of closin
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3.2.2.1.2 isa as a marker of relinq
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descriptions, however, are not impo
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3.2.2.1.4 isa as a marker of result
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The initial event in (81a-b) is the
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Another example of this usage appea
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(84) isa (Jones 1917:4-5) a) O’ow
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speaker to exert and validate the I
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the speaker, once a topic or event
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Though the English translation does
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accompanies the expression and prov
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Not captured in (92a) is Speaker A
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In (93d), Speaker C, not yet knowin
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Here, sha reveals the unreasonablen
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(97) gosha (Kegg 1991:104-105) a) M
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an interjection (i.e. a discourse r
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a) ‘A girl and her grandmother we
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) Wegonen da? INTER CP ‘What now?
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) Ojibwemon bina naa! speak Ojibwe
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(106) bina within jussive construct
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(108) bina (text communication) a)
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eference to time (although time is
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speakers to speak about topics with
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c) Baanimaa igo naa wenji-gizhibaab
Page 193 and 194: The little girl in this story was t
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Page 197 and 198: naa has the force of the English lo
Page 199 and 200: The first token of naa in (120a) ap
Page 201 and 202: weight of the English damn it, they
Page 203 and 204: going to eat, as independent order
Page 205 and 206: Here, the individual uses of both d
Page 207 and 208: The uncle’s initial utterance to
Page 209 and 210: 4.0 Conjunct order as a discourse m
Page 211 and 212: The verbs in bold type in (131a) an
Page 213 and 214: conjoin larger discourse units abov
Page 215 and 216: The subordinate nature of the conju
Page 217 and 218: conjunct gii-pabanaazomag is not ac
Page 219 and 220: 4.1.3 Situational immediacy There i
Page 221 and 222: mark these events as being more sal
Page 223 and 224: d) Chi-ayizhinoo’oyangid iw. very
Page 225 and 226: c) Haaw niinawind imbaapi’idimin
Page 227 and 228: without izhi remain as plain conjun
Page 229 and 230: jiigikana imbaapi’idimin niinawin
Page 231 and 232: verb. If carrying eventline informa
Page 233 and 234: d) They got around in boats. e) The
Page 235 and 236: describe these elements (which in i
Page 237 and 238: existed (and it might), it would be
Page 239 and 240: REFERENCES Abraham, Werner. 1991. D
Page 241 and 242: Clark, James. 1998. Oshkaabewis Nat
Page 243: Jucker, Andreas H. and Sara W. Smit
Page 247: Wilson, Deirdre. 1994. Discourse ma
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