A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE ...

imperatives, then a more positive result may be obtained. If bina occurs with an
ambivalent proposition, then ambivalence is strengthened. The various resulting attitudes
or attitudinal meanings are then pragmatically inferred depending on the proposition that
it is strengthened.
3.2.2.6 goda
Mystery particle goda is like bina (above), since it too is used to accent imperatives.
Its function is a little different, however. When used with imperative forms, goda has a
function similar to the English temporal adverb then within the following English
exchange.
(109) English temporal adverb then
a) Speaker A: I don’t have any money.
b) Speaker B: Get a job then!
What is essentially going on here is that Speaker B is providing a temporal solution to
Speaker A’s problem of not having any money, and uses the temporal adverb then to
suggest that the next step in time is to get a job. In Ojibwe, while goda is used for this
same solution-giving function, it is not a temporal adverb, and does not have a temporal
function elsewhere in the language that would parallel the English temporal adverb then,
e.g. and then, she was a linguist then. Therefore, goda in Ojibwe is analyzed here as an
option marker, since when it is used, possible options are always being offered without
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