A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE ...

eference to time (although time is an inescapable inherent part of the solution). The
point here is that the two languages handle this type of solution-giving exchange in
different ways. English uses a temporal adverb, Ojibwe does not. This usage is
illustrated below with the following example where one elder, who is notorious for
complaining about people not using the language anymore, came into one of our
meetings and said that we should meet more so that people can speak Ojibwe, all the
while speaking English himself. One of the other elders present then said to him the
following utterance.
(110) goda
Ojibwemon goda!
speak Ojibwe DM
‘Speak Ojibwe then!’
Here, using goda, the other elder provided the complaining elder with the obvious answer
to his perceived problem, i.e. to speak Ojibwe himself.
Goda may appear within declarative statements as well where it appears to maintain
its option marker feature. In the following example, I had asked one of my consultants
via email to listen to some sound files. Later that day and after having not been able to
listen to my audio files, she texted me the following bilingual statements, one occurring
with goda (I kept my consultant’s original orthography as it appear within the text
message).
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