Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
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92 J.J. <strong>Haldane</strong><br />
of contemporary evolutionary theory it is conceded that not every significant<br />
characteristic, organ or power is an evolutionary adaptation.<br />
That selection is not a necessary condition of species development may not<br />
be so troubling given the general presumption of evolution. More problematic<br />
is the suggestion that it might not be sufficient: that a further cause may<br />
need to be operative. The st<strong>and</strong>ard evolutionary account of speciation is in<br />
terms of cumulative selection. That is to say, very roughly, it is supposed that<br />
the origination of one species from another is not by a single step (that would<br />
defy belief ) but by progressive sifting <strong>and</strong> sorting as the product of one<br />
selection is then subjected to further selection, <strong>and</strong> so on. Think, for example,<br />
of a gardener who wants to grow large, strong vegetables but currently has<br />
only small, frail flowers. He could try planting the seeds from the latter <strong>and</strong><br />
waiting until spring but it would be a miracle if these seeds developed into<br />
what he wanted. However, if he were patient <strong>and</strong> lived long enough, then he<br />
might proceed by gathering seeds from the largest <strong>and</strong> strongest of the flowers,<br />
planting these, training <strong>and</strong> nurturing the seedlings eliminating the weaker<br />
ones; then gathering the seeds from the largest <strong>and</strong> strongest plants, <strong>and</strong> so<br />
on. It would be less surprising if eventually cumulative selection proved effective<br />
in leading to the development of a species of the desired sort.<br />
Purged of intention <strong>and</strong> agency this is how evolutionary theory explains<br />
development. Notice, however, that cumulative selection presupposes some<br />
form of replication possessed by the original <strong>and</strong> intervening living entities.<br />
They need to have some mechanism of reproduction. This is a feature to be<br />
explained by selection no less than others, but it is hard to see how it can be.<br />
Selection purports to explain adaptive features of which replication is prime;<br />
but it operates over generations, <strong>and</strong> successive generations only come into<br />
existence because of the replicative powers of their ancestors. These powers<br />
cannot themselves be the product of cumulative selection. So, contrary to<br />
its implausibility, the claim has to be that their emergence occurred in a<br />
single step; somehow non-replicating entities just ‘turned into’ reproducing<br />
species.<br />
A likely rejoinder to this observation will be the claim that the initial step<br />
was not to full-scale reproduction but to proto-replication. Organic reproduction<br />
proceeds asexually or sexually. In the first case parts of the organism<br />
become detached <strong>and</strong> form new individuals; <strong>and</strong> in the second, special cells<br />
(gametes) are formed within individuals, <strong>and</strong> the joining of these in fertilization<br />
yields a cell that develops into an individual of the same type as its<br />
parents. The selection of advantageous parts <strong>and</strong> powers is made possible<br />
because of the inheritance by one generation of features possessed by the<br />
previous one, <strong>and</strong> the transmission of the same or relatively similar characteristics<br />
to its offspring. One way of regarding this process is in terms of the<br />
transmission of organizational information through enduring <strong>and</strong> reliable