Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
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56 J.J.C. Smart<br />
belief so as to make us feel completely sure of the truth of the Phoenicians’<br />
claim to have sailed round the south of Africa. Bradley also refers to the<br />
alleged phenomena of stigmata which might more recently have come to be<br />
regarded as medically possible, <strong>and</strong> to the report of African confessors who<br />
spoke even though their tongues had been cut out, which had, he says, come<br />
to be regarded as physiologically possible. 98<br />
C.A.J. Coady, in his valuable book Testimony: A Philosophical Study, 99<br />
worries that Hume’s <strong>and</strong> Bradley’s criteria would have ruled out acceptance<br />
of many historical propositions that we now regard as quite certain, such as<br />
reports of human sacrifice or of trial by ordeal, Socrates’ acceptance of death<br />
rather than freedom, <strong>and</strong> the astonishing feats of Napoleon Bonaparte. In<br />
connection with the last case he quotes from Archbishop Whateley’s witty<br />
Historic Doubts Relative to Napoleon Bonaparte. 100 In reply I would urge that<br />
though Napoleon was unusual <strong>and</strong> so were many of his deeds <strong>and</strong> sufferings,<br />
we are aware of the great variability of human character, talents <strong>and</strong> abilities,<br />
<strong>and</strong> so in a sense the humanly unusual is usual. At any rate it fits well into<br />
what we know of human genetics, plasticity of brain function <strong>and</strong> so on.<br />
The case is different with the resurrection of Jesus. Similarly with Coady’s<br />
examples of human sacrifice <strong>and</strong> trial by ordeal. These may be unusual in<br />
our experience, but are perfectly compatible with what we know of human<br />
nature. This example shows the importance of the notion of coherence in this<br />
connection, rather than those of ‘the usual’ or ‘the analogous’. (Bradley did<br />
use the latter term, but he need not have.)<br />
Of course in science we do have anomalies. Consider the advance of the<br />
perihelion of Mercury which was unexplained until Newtonian gravitational<br />
theory was succeeded by general relativity. In such cases, however, we are<br />
dealing with repeated or repeatable observations or experiments. Moreover<br />
scientists do not despair of a naturalistic explanation of anomalies: they wait<br />
until a better theory explains them. (Except in cases in which doubt is cast on<br />
the observations or experiments, but in these cases we do not have a proper<br />
anomaly.) Indeed this came about in the historical case of the Phoenicians<br />
<strong>and</strong> the circumnavigation of Africa. We might give a naturalistic explanation<br />
of Jesus appearing to his disciples after his death but then it would lose its<br />
main religious significance. There have indeed been theories that Jesus did<br />
not die on the cross but appeared to be dead <strong>and</strong> was entombed in a state<br />
that mimicked that of death, later recovering <strong>and</strong> being seen on the road to<br />
Emmaus. I do not want to put any weight on such speculations.<br />
If a person already has positive beliefs about the supernatural many of the<br />
supernatural elements in the Gospels may well be easily assimilated into his<br />
or her web of belief. However, if one is already sceptical about the facts of the<br />
historical Jesus then one will have a very different attitude to the Biblical<br />
documents. Some scholars might indeed assess the documentary evidence in