Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
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Reply to <strong>Haldane</strong> 153<br />
a well-agreed hypothesis of the origin of proto-life <strong>and</strong> its development into<br />
bigger self-reproducing molecules which then carry the information to build<br />
other structures around them, such as the coating that a virus has, <strong>and</strong> how<br />
there might evolve bigger <strong>and</strong> more complex structures, namely living cells.<br />
Still, the plausibility, in the light of recent knowledge, of how in sketchy<br />
outline it might have happened is enough for me to prefer the naturalistic<br />
hypothesis to a supernaturalist one. A philosopher who antecedently finds<br />
supernaturalism plausible can reasonably jump the other way. I am not expecting<br />
agreement with John <strong>Haldane</strong>. Sympathetic underst<strong>and</strong>ing of one another’s<br />
position is what I here aim for. Still, we should keep one eye on the scientific<br />
literature: a more detailed <strong>and</strong> acceptable account of how life could have<br />
evolved might well be in the offing.<br />
Though <strong>Haldane</strong> has given a good <strong>and</strong> sympathetic account of my philosophical<br />
methodology, I think that he may possibly have misled the reader<br />
in his talk of the physicalist as a reductionist. Of course I do not believe that<br />
talk of tomatoes, say, can be translated into talk of electrons, protons, <strong>and</strong><br />
other entities postulated in physical theory. For one thing ‘tomato’ is learned<br />
partly ostensively. For another thing the molecules in a tomato are immensely<br />
numerous <strong>and</strong> their arrangement immensely complicated so that we could<br />
never give a complete description. Moreover the arrangements in one tomato<br />
would not be the same as those in another. In a certain sense ‘tomato’ is a<br />
more abstract word than ‘hydrogen atom’ is, for example. In calling a thing<br />
a tomato we abstract from very many constitutional differences. Also words<br />
of ordinary language can be very contextual, linked to anthropic interests.<br />
Thus ‘tree’ is not a word of botanical classification, <strong>and</strong> if we were small<br />
enough a d<strong>and</strong>elion might count as a tree. I can concede all this without prejudice<br />
to my conviction that a tree is just a very complex physical mechanism.<br />
My physicalism is an ontological one, not a translational one.<br />
I can even talk, in a weak sense, of levels of organization. Consider an<br />
old-fashioned radio receiver. One can look at it <strong>and</strong> see thermionic valves,<br />
capacitors, inductors, resistors, a transformer <strong>and</strong> a loudspeaker, all connected<br />
together in determinate ways by wires <strong>and</strong> at one end to an aerial wire. Now<br />
consider the components themselves. The thermionic valve (I take the simple<br />
case of a triode valve) has an evacuated glass tube which contains a wire, the<br />
cathode, heated by an electric current so that electrons are given off <strong>and</strong> are<br />
attracted to a bit of metal called the anode, which is positively charged. In<br />
between the anode <strong>and</strong> the cathode is another bit of metal in the form of<br />
a grid, into which is fed a varying charge, the signal, <strong>and</strong> which causes<br />
amplified variations in the flow of electrons from cathode to anode. In fact all<br />
the components can be explained in physical terms in this sort of way. Now<br />
consider the radio receiver itself. It can do things that a mere jumble of<br />
components cannot do. The components have to be connected together in