Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
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238 J.J. <strong>Haldane</strong><br />
can know nothing, or to statements about them, the truth conditions of<br />
which may be inconceivable? Recalling the via negativa we might hope to<br />
provide some content by way of saying what such entities <strong>and</strong> states of affairs<br />
are not; but this is unlikely to escape the charge of vacuity pressed by Berkeley<br />
when he writes, somewhat ironically, ‘I do not find that there is any kind of<br />
effect or impression made on my mind, different from what is excited by the<br />
term nothing’. 18 The idea of a ‘something’ of which nothing can be thought or<br />
said fails to distinguish itself from ideas of indefinitely many purportedly<br />
distinct such bare ‘somethings’, <strong>and</strong> thus reveals itself to be no significant idea<br />
at all.<br />
One response to this argument is to distinguish realism as a thesis about<br />
what exists independently of our conception of it, from realism as a claim<br />
about mind-independence per se. Thus it might be conceded that the<br />
claim that there may be entities or states of affairs that are in principle<br />
unknowable <strong>and</strong> even inconceivable, is an empty one. Nonetheless this concession<br />
allows for the thought that entities may exist independently of our<br />
capacity to know or to conceive of them. But once the general point about<br />
the vacuity of conception-transcendence is granted, what can then sustain the<br />
weaker position? Why not, in short, be ‘humanistic idealists’, saying with<br />
Protagoras that man is the measure of all things? Putting the point in<br />
Dummettean terms the problem with realism is that it requires that we have<br />
a conception of truth such that a statement may be true though the conditions<br />
of its truth are in principle inaccessible <strong>and</strong> even inconceivable. But this<br />
makes no more (or less) sense than the requirement that we have a conception<br />
of entities such that they may be in principle inaccessible <strong>and</strong> inconceivable.<br />
The idea of an entity has to permit there being a possible conception of<br />
it, <strong>and</strong> the idea of truth has to be such that its obtaining is in principle<br />
determinable. Once one allows these points it is hard to halt the retreat from<br />
realism at the stage where conceivability passes from what is generally to what<br />
is humanly the case. What could justify the claim that while truth cannot<br />
transcend the possibility of its recognition as such, yet it may entirely transcend<br />
the possibility of our recognizing it?<br />
The answer ‘nothing’ is embraced by anti-realists of post-modern <strong>and</strong> neopragmatist<br />
orientation who welcome the complete collapse of realism in the<br />
name of constructive humanism. What, though, if one finds Protagoreanism<br />
not only uncongenial but fantastical, both in being incredible but also as<br />
licensing fantasy in place of disciplined pursuit of the real? Is there any way of<br />
combining acceptance of the idea that reality has to be knowable, with the<br />
thought that what we do or can know is not the measure of the real? For all<br />
that Michael Dummett has come to be associated with anti-realism, he has<br />
long insisted that he doubts whether this position is actually credible or even<br />
intelligible, <strong>and</strong> he has occasionally speculated about a theistic alternative.