Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
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152 J.J.C. Smart<br />
this danger. To argue for theism on the basis of gaps in scientific explanation<br />
is a risky endeavour, since the gaps may be filled in. Thus Newton held that<br />
God would have to readjust the motions of the planets from time to time as<br />
the perturbations due to their mutual accelerations built up. Later La Place<br />
proved the stability of the solar system. 4 E.W. Barnes was a fine mathematician<br />
who became a theologically modernist <strong>and</strong> sceptical bishop. Nevertheless,<br />
more than sixty years ago he wrote ‘The mystery of life is unsolved, probably<br />
insoluble’. 5 If he had known of all the developments in biochemistry <strong>and</strong><br />
molecular biology that have occurred in more recent times he would no doubt<br />
have thought the mystery to have at least been greatly diminished. However,<br />
<strong>Haldane</strong> holds that he has philosophical arguments for certain of the gaps, <strong>and</strong><br />
that since the arguments are a priori or apodeictic they will not be overturned<br />
by developments in biology or other sciences.<br />
I find <strong>Haldane</strong>’s philosophical argument against the emergence of the<br />
reproductive from the non-reproductive unpersuasive (see pp. 93–6). Why<br />
could not a self-replicating molecule come about through the coming together<br />
of a number of non-replicating molecules? No doubt this would have been a<br />
very rare event but the universe is immensely large <strong>and</strong> was in existence for<br />
a long time before the beginning of life. Of course such small proto-replicators<br />
would have to evolve by natural selection into the DNA molecules of presentday<br />
life. But I see no impossibility in this. <strong>Haldane</strong> thinks that self-replicating<br />
molecules need pre-existing channels of information (see pp. 92–3) <strong>and</strong> this<br />
produces a circularity or unacceptable regress in the physicalist account. As<br />
far as I can tell, there is no talk of channels of information in contemporary<br />
accounts of self-replicating molecules. They just replicate. Of course they do<br />
require a sea of common molecules from which to build up the replicated<br />
molecules.<br />
This illustrates an important methodological point. When confronted with<br />
some alleged gap in the story of the evolution of life, I do not feel constrained<br />
to point to some well tested theory of how the gap was filled. It is enough for<br />
me as a naturalistic philosopher if I can point to reasonable speculations as to<br />
how it might have been filled. These speculations will have to be informed<br />
by well tested theory but they would be speculations none the less. There<br />
might be more than one speculation about the origin of life. (For example,<br />
the recent discovery of various sorts of organic molecules in interstellar space<br />
might or might not be relevant.) If there is only one plausible speculation we<br />
are to some extent warranted in believing that this is in fact how things<br />
happened. As a philosopher I am happy enough if we can see that the origin of<br />
life is not impossible according to physical principles <strong>and</strong> cosmological knowledge.<br />
We do not need a detailed theory of it to prefer a naturalistic explanation<br />
(thin <strong>and</strong> as yet speculative as it may be) to a supernaturalist explanation.<br />
It would be nicer for me, as a naturalistic philosopher, to be able to point to