Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
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Further Reflections on <strong>Atheism</strong> 219<br />
Consider the Popperian maxim ‘Do not look for verifications, look for<br />
falsifications.’ This is a good maxim, though it needs qualifications. If you<br />
look only for falsifications you may be in danger of implying that we never<br />
find knowledge, or of implying that contemporary astronomers know no<br />
more than Galileo did. Still, one must suspect that religious faith goes too<br />
much the opposite way, looking for verifications not for possible falsifications.<br />
The sailor who is the sole survivor of a shipwreck attributes his rescue<br />
to a divine providence, but ignores the watery fate of all his shipmates. It<br />
is logically possible that blind faith will lead to truth, but then it is logically<br />
possible that the sun will not rise tomorrow.<br />
Certainly the extent (perhaps even infinite) <strong>and</strong> other wonders of the<br />
universe as revealed by modern physics <strong>and</strong> cosmology can cause emotions of<br />
awe <strong>and</strong> wonder in an atheist no less than those experienced by theologians,<br />
<strong>and</strong> even more so than those experienced by religious people who have too<br />
anthropic a conception of God.<br />
Notes<br />
1 I have used M.J. Charlesworth’s translation of Anselm’s Proslogion (Oxford:<br />
Clarendon Press, 1965). This contains translations of Gaunilo’s reply to Anselm<br />
<strong>and</strong> Anselm’s reply to Gaunilo, <strong>and</strong> the whole also reproduces Dom. F.S. Schmitt’s<br />
edition of the original Latin text of Anselm’s works.<br />
2 Alvin Plantinga, The Nature of Necessity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1974),<br />
Chapter 10.<br />
3 Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1978. See p. 33.<br />
4 2nd edn. revised, New York <strong>and</strong> Evanston: Harper <strong>and</strong> Row, 1961.<br />
5 Charlesworth, Proslogion, pp. 176–7.<br />
6 Plantinga, The Nature of Necessity.<br />
7 Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1955, p. 201.<br />
8 Mind 57 (1948), 176–83. Reprinted in Antony Flew <strong>and</strong> Alasdair MacIntyre,<br />
New Essays in Philosophical Theology (London: SCM Press, 1955). Further page<br />
references to Findlay will be to the reprinting in Flew <strong>and</strong> MacIntyre.<br />
9 Flew <strong>and</strong> MacIntyre, New Essays, p. 48.<br />
10 Ibid., p. 51.<br />
11 Ibid.<br />
12 Ibid., p. 53.<br />
13 But see W.V. Quine, The Roots of Reference (La Salle, IL: Open Court, 1973),<br />
pp. 98–100, <strong>and</strong> his ‘Reply to Professor Marcus’ in his The Ways of Paradox (New<br />
York: R<strong>and</strong>om House, 1966) p. 180, where he wittily contrasts the ‘Ryle’ sense of<br />
quantification with the ‘real’ sense.<br />
14 The important Cambridge mathematician G.H. Hardy was attracted to Platonism<br />
but also to the idea of mathematics as making beautiful <strong>and</strong> wonderful constructions<br />
in the human mind.