Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
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<strong>Atheism</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Theism</strong> 115<br />
cannot, know what it is. A more radical determinacy-preserving proposal is<br />
that the transition is to both states: at this point the universe divides into<br />
two worlds <strong>and</strong> so does the observer. In world 1 , A goes to B <strong>and</strong> is observed<br />
to do so by John 1 ; in World 2 A goes to C <strong>and</strong> this event is recorded by John 2 .<br />
Two points need to be added: first, this is supposed to be happening all the<br />
time, there is endless branching; second, it is in principle impossible to have<br />
trans-world access. So while the particular motivation <strong>and</strong> details of the<br />
proposal differ from those of the many universes theory the philosophical<br />
position is the same: an unverifiable hypothesis of finitely or infinitely many<br />
wholly distinct actual universes is introduced in order to save having to yield<br />
up doctrines of modern science: the sufficiency of natural explanation <strong>and</strong> the<br />
determinacy of nature, respectively. Both moves look decidedly ad hoc.<br />
The basic components of the material universe <strong>and</strong> the forces operating<br />
upon them exhibit properties of stability <strong>and</strong> regularity that invite explanation<br />
– the more so given the narrow b<strong>and</strong> within which they have to lie in order<br />
for there to be embodied cognitive agents able to investigate <strong>and</strong> reflect upon<br />
the conditions of their own existence. Even given these improbable cosmic<br />
circumstances the emergence of life, the development of species <strong>and</strong> the<br />
emergence of rational animals all call for explanations that it does not seem to<br />
be within the power of natural science to provide. The limitations of science<br />
in these respects concern its very nature <strong>and</strong> the nature of the phenomena in<br />
question. Obviously I have been arguing philosophically <strong>and</strong> if these arguments<br />
are correct then their conclusions are immune to empirical refutation.<br />
Unsurprisingly, I feel more confident about some phases of my reasoning<br />
than about others. For example, notwithst<strong>and</strong>ing what has been argued,<br />
I think the obstacles to mechanistic reduction of life to chemistry <strong>and</strong> physics<br />
are fewer than those st<strong>and</strong>ing in the way of a naturalistic explanation of mind<br />
<strong>and</strong> all that it implies.<br />
In connection with the last point let me add a further argument, picking<br />
up some of what I said in sections 1 <strong>and</strong> 2 about general metaphysical perspectives.<br />
The presuppositions of scientific realism are that there are things<br />
the existence <strong>and</strong> nature of which are independent of our investigations, <strong>and</strong><br />
that we possess intellectual powers adequate to their identification <strong>and</strong> description.<br />
(This claim allows that not all that exists may be mind-independent <strong>and</strong><br />
not all that is may be knowable by us). There is nothing inevitable about this;<br />
the world might not have been intelligible <strong>and</strong> we might not have had the<br />
kind of intelligence that is shaped to underst<strong>and</strong>ing it. The fact that there is<br />
a harmony makes it possible for us to have knowledge of some of the most<br />
profound features of the empirical order. From astronomy to zoology via<br />
chemistry, physics <strong>and</strong> the rest of the natural sciences, we have discovered an<br />
enormous amount about reality (not to mention non-empirical orders of logic,<br />
geometry, mathematics, <strong>and</strong> so on).