Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
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Bibliography 255<br />
The problem of evil has been widely discussed <strong>and</strong> there are chapters on it in the<br />
various introductions mentioned above. For a collection of important contemporary<br />
essays see M.M. <strong>and</strong> R.M. Adams (eds), The Problem of Evil (Oxford: Oxford University<br />
Press, 1990). The atheistic potential of the problem is explored in H.J. McCloskey,<br />
God <strong>and</strong> Evil (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1974); while a vigorous defence of<br />
traditional Christian theism in the face of evil is presented in P.T. Geach, Providence<br />
<strong>and</strong> Evil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977).<br />
The ‘free will response’ to the problem posed by moral evil raises a number of<br />
questions about action, freedom <strong>and</strong> determinism. For an indication of current<br />
approaches to these issues see the essays in Gary Watson (ed.), Free Will (Oxford:<br />
Oxford University Press, 1982). The topic of freedom <strong>and</strong> determinism is itself the<br />
subject of a volume in the ‘Great Debates in Philosophy’ series, viz. Antony Flew <strong>and</strong><br />
Godfrey Vesey, Agency <strong>and</strong> Necessity (Oxford: Blackwell, 1987). The nature of free<br />
action is related to challenges to theism in Alvin Plantinga, God, Freedom <strong>and</strong> Evil<br />
(London: Allen <strong>and</strong> Unwin, 1975) <strong>and</strong> Robert Young, Freedom, Responsibility <strong>and</strong> God<br />
(London: Macmillan, 1975).<br />
The issue of the bearing of contemporary science upon the question of theism has<br />
been the subject of a number of studies. See A.R. Peacocke, Creation <strong>and</strong> the World of<br />
Science (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979) <strong>and</strong> Peacocke (ed.), The Sciences <strong>and</strong> Theology<br />
in the Twentieth Century (London: Oriel Press, 1981); John Leslie (ed.), Physical<br />
Cosmology <strong>and</strong> Philosophy (New York: Macmillan, 1989); <strong>and</strong> John Polkinghorne,<br />
Reason <strong>and</strong> Reality: The Relationship between Science <strong>and</strong> Theology (London: SPCK,<br />
1991). The need or possibility of an explanation of the physical cosmos is the subject<br />
of a short article by Derek Parfit entitled ‘The Puzzle of Reality: Why Does the<br />
Universe Exist?’, Times Literary Supplement, No. 4657, 3 July 1992.<br />
Not all philosophers take the view of the present authors that theism involves<br />
metaphysical theses concerning the nature of reality. Famously, some of those influenced<br />
by Wittgenstein seem to regard religion as a social practice that is not in the<br />
business of making ontological claims. The best known proponent of something like<br />
this view is D.Z. Phillips. He has authored many works including The Concept<br />
of Prayer (London: Routledge, 1968), Death <strong>and</strong> Immortality (London: Macmillan,<br />
1970) <strong>and</strong> Faith after Foundationalism (London: Routledge, 1988). At first sight a somewhat<br />
similar ‘fideistic’ approach seems to be taken by Fergus Kerr OP, in Theology<br />
After Wittgenstein (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986) but in fact most of what Kerr writes<br />
is compatible with traditional Thomistic theism.<br />
A fideistic approach is sometimes argued for on the basis of religious pluralism.<br />
For comparisons between the various world religions see Ninian Smart, A Dialogue<br />
of Religions (London: SCM Press, 1960) <strong>and</strong> The Religious Experience of Mankind,<br />
2nd edition (New York: Scribners, 1976). One rather striking form of pluralism is<br />
that arising from the idea that there might be several divine incarnations, including<br />
extra-terrestrial ones. For discussion of this possibility see John Hick, The Metaphor of<br />
God Incarnate (London: SCM Press, 1993).<br />
The issue of the status of scripture, in particular that of the New Testament, has<br />
traditionally been the preserve of biblical scholars but there is growing interest among<br />
theistically inclined philosophers in the epistemology <strong>and</strong> methodology of scriptural