Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
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70 J.J.C. Smart<br />
The evidence that Davies has is that the laws or proto-laws <strong>and</strong> the initial<br />
conditions in the universe (or collection of universes as in Carter’s hypothesis)<br />
imply that conscious life is pretty sure to emerge somewhere, perhaps many<br />
times over. If no more than this is meant there is no argument for theism.<br />
(‘Pretty sure’ above is a bit strong if Ross Taylor is right that we are probably<br />
alone in the universe. It would be a matter of luck.)<br />
I concede that theism is an emotionally attractive doctrine. Perhaps it even<br />
is true. But if it is true then the problems that I have put forward in the case<br />
of traditional theism make it likely that such a theism would have to be<br />
understood in such a way that it would differ little from what we at present<br />
regard as atheism.<br />
Notes<br />
1 J.J.C. Smart, ‘Why Philosophers Disagree’, in Jocylyne Couture <strong>and</strong> Kai Nielsen<br />
(eds), Reconstructing Philosophy: New Essays in Metaphilosophy (Calgary, Alberta:<br />
University of Calgary Press, 1993), pp. 67–82.<br />
2 T.S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd edn (Chicago <strong>and</strong> London:<br />
University of Chicago Press, 1970).<br />
3 See pp. 54–9.<br />
4 See for example, Richard C. Jeffrey, The Logic of Decision, 2nd edn (Chicago<br />
<strong>and</strong> London: University of Chicago Press, 1983), pp. 185–7.<br />
5 J.L. Mackie, The Miracle of <strong>Theism</strong> (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982).<br />
6 Paul Davies, The Mind of God (London: Simon <strong>and</strong> Schuster, 1992).<br />
7 John Leslie, Universes (London: Routledge, 1989).<br />
8 Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations (Oxford: Blackwell, 1953),<br />
sections 66–7.<br />
9 Paul Davies <strong>and</strong> John Gribbin, The Matter Myth (Harmondsworth: Penguin<br />
Books, 1991).<br />
10 For speculations contrary to my own on this point, see Roger Penrose, The<br />
Emperor’s New Mind (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989) <strong>and</strong> Shadows of<br />
the Mind (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994).<br />
11 For details, see J.O. Burchfield, Lord Kelvin <strong>and</strong> the Age of the Earth (London:<br />
Macmillan, 1975).<br />
12 See Silvanus P. Thompson, The Life of William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs<br />
(London: Macmillan, 2 vols, 1910), p. 1094.<br />
13 For the speculations <strong>and</strong> objections, see John Horgan, ‘In the Beginning . . .’,<br />
Scientific American, 264 (February 1991), 100–9.<br />
14 See for example, the first three essays in Stephen Jay Gould, The P<strong>and</strong>a’s Thumb<br />
(Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1980).<br />
15 Gerald Feinberg, ‘Physics <strong>and</strong> the Thales Problem’, Journal of Philosophy, 63<br />
(1966), 5–17.