Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
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<strong>Atheism</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Theism</strong> 47<br />
wager. Pascal’s Wager will be discussed in the next section. The argument<br />
of the wager purports to prove that one should by a sort of brain washing,<br />
going to masses, using holy water, <strong>and</strong> so on, induce belief in the Catholic<br />
religion. Pascal, as already a believer, would probably disapprove of the<br />
term ‘brainwashing’. It is not clear whether he would regard the acquisition<br />
of belief after immersing oneself in Catholic practices as explicable<br />
naturalistically. He might have held that these practices somehow attract<br />
the grace of God. To the sceptic of course the whole thing must initially<br />
appear as a sort of brainwashing. Such psychological mechanisms are indeed<br />
possible. One might cultivate the company of conservatively religious persons,<br />
avoid reading books such as Bertr<strong>and</strong> Russell’s Why I am not a Christian,<br />
83 <strong>and</strong> confine one’s philosophical reading to St Thomas Aquinas, or<br />
better still avoid philosophical reading altogether <strong>and</strong> stick to electronics<br />
or pure mathematics, or other theologically neutral subject matter, <strong>and</strong> to<br />
practical activities. Whether it would be rational to submit to such nonrational<br />
processes is another matter. To decide this we must wait on our<br />
discussion of the wager.<br />
10 Pascal’s Wager<br />
Pascal, the important seventeenth-century mathematician <strong>and</strong> physicist,<br />
became an adherent of the austere Jansenist group of Catholics who were<br />
rivals of the more worldly Jesuits. Pascal held that the existence of God could<br />
not be proved by reason. (Later, the First Vatican Council was to condemn<br />
this opinion as a heresy.) He implicitly conflated belief in God with belief in<br />
the Catholic religion, including its doctrine about bliss in heaven <strong>and</strong> infinite<br />
torment in hell. So for him the only two ‘living options’, as William James<br />
called them, 84 were Catholicism on the one h<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> atheism on the other<br />
h<strong>and</strong>. For example, he would not think of Islam <strong>and</strong> a Muslim would not<br />
think of Catholicism. Moreover, there are other options, though not ones that<br />
Pascal would have considered. Nevertheless in evaluating Pascal’s argument<br />
we must consider other options.<br />
Still, let us for the moment pretend that Pascal’s two options are the<br />
only ones <strong>and</strong> follow his argument which can be put simply as follows.<br />
Pascal argued that Catholicism has a non-zero probability. He concedes that<br />
it is possible that one might have many pleasures in our earthly life which<br />
would be lost to us if we embraced a strict religious life. However, Pascal<br />
points out that such happiness could only be finite. Even the smallest finite<br />
probability of infinite torment in hell would outweigh it, since it would give<br />
an infinitely negative ‘expected utility’ (to use a present day terminology).<br />
The product of an infinite unhappiness with even the smallest non-zero