Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
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Reply to <strong>Haldane</strong> 169<br />
7 Earlier (see p. 13) I described teleological talk in biology as ‘as if ’ talk. Equally<br />
one might, as I have done here, follow Karen Ne<strong>and</strong>er, in what ontologically<br />
comes to almost the same thing, in describing the function of an object in<br />
evolutionary terms, as what it was selected for. See Karen Ne<strong>and</strong>er, ‘Functions as<br />
Selected Effects: The Conceptual Analyst’s Defense’, Philosophy of Science, 58<br />
(1991), 168–84.<br />
8 See also my essay ‘Physicalism <strong>and</strong> Emergence’, in J.J.C. Smart, Essays Metaphysical<br />
<strong>and</strong> Moral (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989). This essay originally appeared<br />
in Neuroscience, 6 (1987), 109–13.<br />
9 Steven Weinberg, Dreams of a Final Theory (London: Vintage, 1993). See ch. 3,<br />
‘Two Cheers for Reductionism’.<br />
10 Ibid., p. 42.<br />
11 See W.V. Quine, Word <strong>and</strong> Object (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1960),<br />
pp. 212ff.<br />
12 See David Lewis, ‘Attitudes De Dicto <strong>and</strong> De Se’, Philosophical Review, 88 (1979),<br />
513–43.<br />
13 I have of course oversimplified. ‘Sentence’ has to be relativized to a language, or<br />
else we should have to talk of classes of intertranslatable sentences, <strong>and</strong> Quine<br />
has pointed out the obscurity or indeterminacy of individuation of a language <strong>and</strong><br />
of the concept of translation. Folk psychology gives only an approximation to<br />
truth, <strong>and</strong> it is part of the natural history of humans <strong>and</strong> animals. (An animal<br />
does not itself need to have a language to have its beliefs <strong>and</strong> desires singled out<br />
by mentions of our sentences.) Thus desires <strong>and</strong> beliefs are woolly like clouds but<br />
nevertheless can be identified with brain states imprecisely described. If <strong>and</strong><br />
when we make robots that can learn <strong>and</strong> use a language this part of natural<br />
history will be seen to be ontologically reducible to the physical. The reduction<br />
already looks a plausible speculation. In metaphysics I try to eschew indexicals,<br />
but the sort of indexical in ‘true of himself ’ above is all right. It is not a true<br />
indexical <strong>and</strong> is only a device for cross reference.<br />
14 David Lewis, On the Plurality of Worlds (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1960) <strong>and</strong><br />
David Lewis, Counterfactuals (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1973).<br />
15 W.V. Quine, ‘Necessary Truth’, in W.V. Quine, The Ways of Paradox <strong>and</strong> Other<br />
Essays (New York: R<strong>and</strong>om House, 1966).<br />
16 See my essay ‘Materialism’ in J.J.C. Smart, Essays Metaphysical <strong>and</strong> Moral.<br />
17 B.A. Farrell, ‘Experience’, Mind, 59 (1950), 170–98.<br />
18 L. Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations (Oxford: Blackwell, 1953); Gilbert<br />
Ryle, The Concept of Mind (London: Hutchinson, 1949); Robert Kirk, Raw Feelings<br />
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994); Austen Clark, Sensory Qualities (Oxford:<br />
Oxford University Press, 1993).<br />
19 D.M. Armstrong, ‘The Headless Woman Illusion <strong>and</strong> the Defence of Materialism’,<br />
Analysis, 29 (1968–9), 48–9. This article was written in less feminist times:<br />
no doubt now it would be a headless person illusion.<br />
20 See D.M. Armstrong, in Armstrong <strong>and</strong> Malcolm, Consciousness <strong>and</strong> Causality,<br />
especially pp. 110–15.<br />
21 Roger Teichmann, ‘The Chicken <strong>and</strong> the Egg’, Mind, 100 (1991), 371–2.